USAHS IFS Exam 1 Review

A plane that separates the body or structure into upper and lower parts is called a

a. sagittal plane

b. transverse plane

c. oblique plane

d. frontal plane

Transverse plane

A plane that separates the body into a front (anterior) and back (posterior) part is called a

a. sagittal plane

b. transverse plane

c. oblique plane

d. frontal plane

frontal plane

Flexion and extesnion occur in what plane

a. sagittal plane

b. transverse plane

c. oblique plane

d. frontal plane

sagittal plane

Internal and external rotation occur in what plane

a. sagittal plane

b. transverse plane

c. oblique plane

d. frontal plane

transverse plane

Abduction and Adduction of the arm occur in what plane

a. sagittal plane

b. transverse plane

c. oblique plane

d. frontal plane

frontal plane

Matching: General physiological systems and function

__Transports material; between all cells of the body. Includes heart, blood vessels, blood.

__ Coordination of body function through synthesis and release of regulatory molecules. Includes thyroid and adrenal gland

__ Protection from external environment. Includes skin

__Coordination of body function through electrical signals and release of regulatory molecules. includes brain, spinal cord

__ Perpetuation of the species. Includes ovaries and testies

A. Nervous B. Circulatory C. Integumentary D. Reproductive E. Endocrine

B, E, C, A, D

Matching: General physiological systems and function

__ Maintenance of water and solutes in the internal and external environments. Includes kidneys and bladder

__ Conversion of food into particles that can be transported into the body; elimination of some wastes. includes stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas

__ Defense against foreign invaders. Includes thymus, spleen, lymph nodes

__ Support and movement includes skeletal muscle, bone

__ Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between internal and external environments. Includes lungs, airways

A. Immune

B. Musculoskeletal

C. Digestive

D. Urinary

E. Respiratory

D, C, A, B, E

What theme of physiology is this

Growth, reproduction, movement, homeostasis require continue input of energy.

A. Structure and function are closely related

B. Living organisms need energy

C. Information flow coordinates body function

D. Homeostasis maintains internal stability

Living organisms need energY

What theme of physiology is this

Organisms that survive in challenging habitats cope with external variability by keeping internal environment relatively stable

A. Structure and function are closely related

B. Living organisms need energy

C. Information flow coordinates body function

D. Homeostasis maintains internal stability

Homeostasis maintains internal stability

What theme of physiology is this

Ability for molecules to bind to or react with other molecules with the function depending on the structure and shape. Allows cells, tissues, or organs to specialize and isolate functions

A. Structure and function are closely related

B. Living organisms need energy

C. Information flow coordinates body function

D. Homeostasis maintains internal stability

Structure and function are closely related

What theme of physiology is this

ranges from transfer of info stored in DNA from generation to generation; flow of information within body (chemical signaling, cell to cell communication, etc)

A. Structure and function are closely related

B. Living organisms need energy

C. Information flow coordinates body function

D. Homeostasis maintains internal stability

information flow coordinates body function

What approach is this explanation

Because cells need oxygen the red blood cells bring it to them

A. Teleological

B. Mechanical

C. Mechanistic

D. Stability

Teleological the WHY

What approach is this explanation

Oxygen binds to hemoglobin molecules in the red blood cells

A. Teleological

B. Mechanical

C. Mechanistic

D. Stability

Mechanistic

the HOW

Homeostasis is The body's ______ process of maintaining internal stability despite changes in the external environment.

A. dynamic equilibrium

B. dynamic steady state

C. static equilibrium

dynamic steady state

potential changes decrease with the distance travel. It occurs between neighboring cells. It doesnt require threshold to trigger. Can summate to trigger an action potential

A. Action

B. Long

C. Local

Local

potential are essential for quick communication over long distances. All or nothing. It doesn't vary in amplitude and duration but it varies by frequency. Muscles use this

A. Action

B. Long

C. Local

Action

Law of ______ : Amount of substance in a body is to remain constant. Any gain must be offset by an equal loss

A. Mass balance

B. Mass flow

C. Excretion

D. Clearance

Mass balance

Connective tissue types:

What type would you find in skin around blood vessels and organs, under epithelia

A. Blood

B. Dense, regular CT

C. Bone

D. Loose CT

E. Dense, irregular CT

F. Cartilage

G. Adipose

Loose CT

Connective tissue types:

What type would you find in muscle and nerve sheaths

A. Blood

B. Dense, regular CT

C. Bone

D. Loose CT

E. Dense, irregular CT

F. Cartilage

G. Adipose

Dense, irregular CT

Connective tissue types:

What type would you find in tendons and ligaments

A. Blood

B. Dense, regular CT

C. Bone

D. Loose CT

E. Dense, irregular CT

F. Cartilage

G. Adipose

Dense, regular CT

Connective tissue types:

What type would you find fat but depends on age

A. Blood

B. Dense, regular CT

C. Bone

D. Loose CT

E. Dense, irregular CT

F. Cartilage

G. Adipose

Adipose

Connective tissue types: What type would you find in lymph vessels and blood

A. Blood

B. Dense, regular CT

C. Bone

D. Loose CT

E. Dense, irregular CT

F. Cartilage

G. Adipose

Blood

Connective tissue types:

What type would you find in joint surfaces, spine, ear, nose, larynx

A. Blood

B. Dense, regular CT

C. Bone

D. Loose CT

E. Dense, irregular CT

F. Cartilage

G. Adipose

Cartilage

Connective tissue types:

What type would you find in bone

A. Blood

B. Dense, regular CT

C. Bone

D. Loose CT

E. Dense, irregular CT

F. Cartilage

G. Adipose

Bone

Epithelial tissue types:

What type would you find in the lungs, lining of blood vessels?

A. Ciliated

B. Exchange

C. Transporting

D. Protective

E. Secretory

Exchange

Epithelial tissue types:

What type would you find in the lntestines, kidney, some exocrine glands?

A. Ciliated

B. Exchange

C. Transporting

D. Protective

E. Secretory

Transporting

Epithelial tissue types:

What type would you find in the Nose, trachea, and upper airways; female reproductive tract?

A. Ciliated

B. Exchange

C. Transporting

D. Protective

E. Secretory

Ciliated

Epithelial tissue types:

What type would you find in the What type would you find in the Skin and lining of cavities that open to the environment (ex:mouth)?

A. Ciliated

B. Exchange

C. Transporting

D. Protective

E. Secretory

Protective

Epithelial tissue types:

What type would you find in the exocrine glands, including pancreas, sweat glands and salivary glands; endocrine glands such as thyroid and gonads?

A. Ciliated

B. Exchange

C. Transporting

D. Protective

E. Secretory

Secretory

What is slow give, needs more ATP and needs oxygen to occur?

A. Aerobic

B. Anaerobic

Aerobic

What is fast-give, needs fewer ATP, and doesn't need oxygen to occur

A. Aerobic

B. Anaerobic

Anaerobic

Where does aerobic metabolism occur?

A. Cytosol

B. Nucleus

C. Mitochondria

D. SR

Mitochondria

Where does anaerobic metabolism occur?

A. Cytosol

B. Nucleus

C. Mitochondria

D. SR

Cytosol

Does anaerobic or aerobic yield more ATP?

Aerobic yields 36-38 while anaerobic yields 2 ATP

This system is used for endurance activities (jogging, cycling, long-distance running). It is a slower speed of energy production but it is more efficient

Aerobic or Anaerobic

Aerobic

This system is used for high intensity, short duration activities (sprinting, weightlifting). It is a fast given but less efficient

Aerobic or Anaerobic

Anaerobic

This is the branch of study mechanics that describes the effect of forces on a body. (Vectors, Internal/external forces, nonrigid bodies)

Kinetics

This is the branch of mechanics concerned with the motion of objects without reference to forces

Kinematics

Visible motion of the bone.

Osteokinematics or arthrokinematics?

Osteokinematics

movement of joint surfaces relative to one another. Allow osteokinematic motions to occur.

Osteokinematics or arthrokinematics?

arthrokinematics

What type of fundamental arthrokinematic motion has multiple points of contact on multiple points? ex: tire moving on a road.

A. Slide

B. Roll

C. Spin

Roll

What type of fundamental arthrokinematic motion has a single point contact on multiple points ex: tire skidding on ice

A. Slide

B. Roll

C. Spin

Slide

What type of fundamental arthrokinematic motion has a single point that rotates on a single point? ex: toy top rotating on one spot

A. Slide

B. Roll

C. Spin

Spin

What is the convex-concave rule?

Convex surface moving on a concave surface will cause roll & glide in the OPPOSITE direction

ex: abduction

What is concave-on-convex rule?

When a concave surface moves upon a convex surface, roll and slide movements should occur in the SAME direction

ex: carpometocarpal joint

Which type is a synarthrosis joint

A. Hinge joint

B. Cartilaginous joint

C. Ball & socket

D. Pivot joint

Cartilaginous joint

What diarthroses (synovial) joint permits flexion and extension ONLY and moves only in one plane (sagittal) around a transversely axis. Uniaxial jointex: elbow

A. Plane joint

B. Condyloid joint

C. Hinge joint

D. Pivot Joint

E. Ball and socket

F. Saddle joint

Hinge joint

What diarthroses (synovial) joint

permits gliding/sliding movements in place of articular surface. Ex: Acromioclavicular joint

A. Plane joint

B. Condyloid joint

C. Hinge joint

D. Pivot Joint

E. Ball and socket

F. Saddle joint

Plane joint

What diarthroses (synovial) joint

permits abduction, adduction and flexion, extension movements occurring in two axis (biaxial joint) ex: carpometacarpal joint (thumb)

A. Plane joint

B. Condyloid joint

C. Hinge joint

D. Pivot Joint

E. Ball and socket

F. Saddle joint

Saddle joint

What diarthroses (synovial) joint

permits flexion, extension and abduction, adduction . It is biaxial. The movement in sagittal plane is greater. ex: metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles)

A. Plane joint

B. Condyloid joint

C. Hinge joint

D. Pivot Joint

E. Ball and socket

F. Saddle joint

Condyloid joint

What diarthroses (synovial) joint

permits flexion, extension and abduction, adduction and medial, lateral rotation and circumduction. Multiaxial ex:Hip joint

A. Plane joint

B. Condyloid joint

C. Hinge joint

D. Pivot Joint

E. Ball and socket

F. Saddle joint

Ball and socket

What diarthroses (synovial) joint

permits rotation around a central axis. Uniaxial.ex: median atlanto-axial joint (C1 vertebrae)

A. Plane joint

B. Condyloid joint

C. Hinge joint

D. Pivot Joint

E. Ball and socket

F. Saddle joint

Pivot Joint

The perpendicular distance between the axis of rotation of the joint and the forces. It can be internal or external.

A. moment arm

B. torque

C. force

moment arm

What are two ways to alter a torque

1. length of the moment arm

2. Amount of force applied to the moment arm

What lever type is this: It has 2 features;

1. Axis of rotation located at one end

2. muscle/internal force has greater leverage than external. Mechanical Advantage is greater than 1. Very rare

A. First class

B. Second class

C. Third class

Second class

What lever type is this: Axis of rotation is located between opposing forces. Internal and external forces act in similar linear direction. Mechanical Advantage can have less than, greater than or equal to 1

A. First class

B. Second class

C. Third class

First class

What lever type is this: Axis of rotation is located at one end of bone. The external weight is greater leverage than muscle force. Mechanical Advantage is less than 1 . Most common

A. First class

B. Second class

C. Third class

Third class

Nodding your head is what type of lever

A. First class

B. Second class

C. Third class

First class

Doing a bicep curl is what type of lever

A. First class

B. Second class

C. Third class

Third class

Plantar flexion is what type of lever

A. First class

B. Second class

C. Third class

Second class

What type of motion is this: all parts of a rigid body move parallel to and in the same direction as every other part of the body

A. Curvilinear

B. Linear

C. Angular

Linear

What type of motion is this: A rigid body moves in a circular path around some pivot point

A. Curvilinear

B. Linear

C. Angular

Angular

What type of motion is this: Combination of linear and angular

A. Curvilinear

B. Linear

C. Angular

Curvilinear

Different types of loads

What is the stress strain relationship

Amount of tensile load a specific tissue can tolerate before damage and/or failure

It is important to note that a healthy and relatively young ligament that is strained within the ____ returns to its original length (or shape) once the deforming force is removed.

A. Ultimate failure

B. Elastic zone

C. Yield point

D. Plasticity

elastic zone

A tissue that is elongated beyond its physiologic range eventually reaches its ____. At this point, increased strain results in only marginal increased stress (tension).

A. Ultimate failure

B. Elastic zone

C. Yield point

D. Plasticity

Yield point

This physical behavior of an overstretched (or over compressed) tissue is known as __.

A. Ultimate failure

B. Elastic zone

C. Yield point

D. Plasticity

Plasticity

As elongation continues, the ligament eventually reaches its ___ __, the point when the tissue partially or completely separates and loses its ability to hold any level of tension

A. Ultimate failure

B. Elastic zone

C. Yield point

D. Plasticity

Ultimate failure

__ describes a progressive strain of a material when exposed to a constant load over time. This phenomenon helps to explain why a person is taller in the morning than at night.

A. Plasticity

B. Creep

C. Viscoelastic

Creep

Tissues in which the physical properties associated with the stress-strain curve change as a function of time are considered __.

A. Plasticity

B. Creep

C. Viscoelastic

Viscoelastic

This stage occurs from conception to day 14. A single fertilized cell begins to divide and create a sphere. The ectoderm and mesoderm emerge during this time

A. Pre-embryonic stage (stage 1)

B. Embryonic stage (stage 2)

C. Fetal Stage (stage 3)

Pre-embryonic stage

This stage occurs from day 15 to end of week 8. The formation of the neural groove to tube occurs and is complete by day 21.

A. Pre-embryonic stage (stage 1)

B. Embryonic stage (stage 2)

C. Fetal Stage (stage 3)

Embryonic stage

During the second stage the neural tube becomes __A__

while to the neural crest inner becomes _B_ mater while the outer becomes _C_ mater

A. brain and spinal cord

B. gray matter

C. white matter

During this stage it is from end of week 8 to birth the brain is differentiated into the brain and brain stem of our CNS.

A. Pre-embryonic stage (stage 1)

B. Embryonic stage (stage 2)

C. Fetal Stage (stage 3)

Fetal Stage (stage 3)

During stage 2 the myotomes somites of the neural tube become

A. Skeletal muscles

B. Bones of vertebrae and skull

C. Dermis

Skeletal muscles

During stage 2 the dermatomes of the neural tube become

A. Skeletal muscles

B. Bones of vertebrae and skull

C. Dermis

Dermis

During stage 2 the sclerotomes of the neural tube become

A. Skeletal muscles

B. Bones of vertebrae and skull

C. Dermis

Bones of vertebrae and skull

The neural tube becomes a part of what system?

CNS

The neural crest becomes part of what system

PNS

Where does the spinal cord end while in utero, birth, and adult

Utero: S5

Birth: L3

Adult: L1

a specific segment of skin innervated by the same spinal region

A. Myotomes

B. Dermatomes

Dermatomes

muscles innervated by motor branches of spinal nerves

A. Myotomes

B. Dermatomes

Myotomes

What type of neuron carries info from the periphery into the CNS and to the brain. Involved in temperature, pressure, light touch. It is afferent

A. Effort neurons

B. Sensory nuerons

C. Interneurons of CNS

D. Afferent neurons

Sensory nuerons

What type of neuron is only in the CNS that carries info between regions close to proximity

A. Effort neurons

B. Sensory nuerons

C. Interneurons of CNS

D. Afferent neurons

Interneurons of CNS

What type of neuron carries info from the brain to the periphery to elict responses motor or visceral

A. Effort neurons

B. Sensory neurons

C. Interneurons of CNS

D. Afferent neurons

Effort neurons

Signals that travel from the body areas to the CNS. It is sensory info.

A. Effort neurons

B. Sensory nuerons

C. Interneurons of CNS

D. Afferent neurons

Afferent neurons

What are clusters of cell bodies inside the CNS

a. mitochondria

b. nucleus

c. SR

d. ganglion

nucles

What are clusters of cell bodies outside the CNS

a. mitochondria

b. nucleus

c. SR

d. ganglion

Ganglion

What cell Provides biomechanical and structural support.insulate the neurons. Alter synaptic communications. Signal, clean or nourish neurons. Defends

A. Axon

B. Glial cells

C. Cell body

D. Presynaptic terminals

E. Synapse

F. Dendrites

Glial Cells

When the axon of one neuron meets a target neuron or tissue

A. Axon

B. Glial cells

C. Cell body

D. Presynaptic terminals

E. Synapse

F. Dendrites

synapse

Carries the information, coated by support cells for insulation and support

A. Axon

B. Glial cells

C. Cell body

D. Presynaptic terminals

E. Synapse

F. Dendrites

Axon

Projections at the end of the axon and contain neurotansmitters

A. Axon

B. Glial cells

C. Cell body

D. Presynaptic terminals

E. Synapse

F. Dendrites

Presynaptic terminals

Receives incoming information

A. Axon

B. Glial cells

C. Cell body

D. Presynaptic terminals

E. Synapse

F. Dendrites

Dendrites

has the nucleus and organelles that direct the cells activity and DNA

A. Axon

B. Glial cells

C. Cell body

D. Presynaptic terminals

E. Synapse

F. Dendrites

Cell body

provide rapid cell to cell communication - coordinate to adjacent cells

A. occluding (tight) junctions

B. communicating (gap) junctions

C. anchoring junctions

communicating (gap) junctions

they restrict movement of material between linked cells.

A. occluding (tight) junctions

B. communicating (gap) junctions

C. anchoring junctions

occluding (tight) junctions

They are located on cell surface and bind cell to cell to the matrix for mechanical strength of tissues.

A. occluding (tight) junctions

B. communicating (gap) junctions

C. anchoring junctions

Anchoring junctions

Matching:

__ Loss of electrons

__ Gain of electrons

__ Loss of water

__ Gain of water

A. Reduction

B. Dehydration

C. Hydrolysis

D. Oxidation

D

A

B

C

This is the steady state that the neuron sits in when nothing is happening. It is a steady state condition. Na+ and K+ pump helps to maintain the -70 mV

A. Action potential

B. Resting membrane potential

C. Threshold and initiation

D. Hyperpolarization

resting membrane potential