hort science

venation

arrangement of veins

monocots have ___-veined leaves

parallel

dicots have ___-veined leaves

net

bryophytes

3 groups: liverworts, hornworts, mossed

pteridophyte

vascular plant that disperses spores. does not produce flowers nor seeds

• ferns

• horsetails

• lycophytes

gymnosperms

seed-producing plants

• conifers

• cycads

• ginkgo

• gnetophytes

angiosperm

plants that produced their seeds enclosed within a fruit

function of stem

• transports water and nutrients up from the roots to the leaves

• transports sugars from the leaves to the rest of the plant

• supports leaves, flowers, fruits

• holds the flower up towards the sunlight

terminal bud

contains original apical meristem, allowed stem to elongate

internode

• provides strength and support to the plants

• increases height of the plant

leaf scar

represent one year of growth

petiole

• helps twist the leaf to face the sun

• transports energy synthesized in the leaf to the rest of the plant

monocot

dicot

dicot = trees that are not ___

gymnosperms

stolon

stem that grows horizontally along the ground

rhizome

modified stems that run underground horizontally, just underneath the surface of soil

branch/limb/bough

bears foliage

shoot/twig/break

• bears flowering buds, lateral buds, flowering stems

• responsible for food production or photosynthesis

modified stem BULBS

• stores its complete life cycle in an underground storage structure

• nutrient storage

tuber

• a potato is a TUBER not a bulb

• swollen, underground storage stem

corm

• vertical, fleshy, underground stem

• acts as food storage in seed plants

• bears membranous/scaly leaves and buds

• no visible rings when cut in half

function of leaf

• photosynthesis (food production)

• exchange of gases

stomata of leaf

tiny pores

guard cells of the leaf

open and close stomata in response to water and light

parts of leaf

root tip

active growth center

(meristem region)

root cap

allows for growth down and through the soil (protection)

root hairs

absorb water and nutrients from the soil

xylem

carries water and minerals throughout the plant

casparian

holds fluids in the stele

pericycle

cylindrical layer of cells inside endodermis

stamen

• male part of the flower

• produces pollen

pistil

• female part

• contains ovary, style, stigma

• where the pollen lands on the sticky stigma, travels down style, reaches ovary to fertilize ovules, develop into seeds

complete flower

• contains all 4 main floral parts: petals, stamens, pistils (has both male and female reproductive structures)

incomplete flower

lacks 1 or more floral parts

perfect incomplete flower

• contains both male and female reproductive parts, but lacks 1 or more of the other floral parts (sepals, petals)

imperfect flowers

only has male and female parts

staminate flowers

• unisexual

• only contains male parts (stamen)

• cucumber, eggplant, corn tassel, chrysanthemum)

transpiration

process where moisture is carried through plants from roots to stomata on the underside of leaves

• cooling system

• circulation system

c3 photosynthesis

• co2 converted to 3 carbon compound

• typical photosynthesis

• cool season plants

• normal light, temperature, and moisture levels

c4 photosynthesis

• most summer annuals and some grasses

• warm season plants

• adapted to high temperatures and low moisture levels

cam photosynthesis

• plants from arid regions

• takes in co2 at night and carries out photosynthesis in the day

anaerobic respiration

• fermentation of glucose to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide

• alcoholic fermentation

• glucose > pyruvate> ethanol> carbon dioxide

physical properties of soil

• 25% air

• 25% water

• 45% mineral

• 5% organic

silt

• made up of fine rock particles

• dusty sediment that water, ice, wind transport and deposit

• larger than clay but smaller than sand

loam

• combination of silt, sand, clay particles

• balances water retention, aeration, and nutrient availability

• easy to work with

soil ribbon test

way to estimate texture of soil and the amount of sand, silt, clay in it

jar test

• determines the soils texture

• separates soil’s particles according to sizes (the largest, which is sand, settles to the bottom first)

signs of overwatering plants

• stunted plant growth

• yellowing leaves

• leaf scorch

• water spots and blisters

• crown rot

biotic stress

caused by living organisms: fungi, bacteria, insects, weeds

stratification plant propagation

exposing seeds to specific temperature and moisture conditions

• dampen paper towels and placing seeds on it

recalcitrant seeds

• mature in late summer

• die or lose viability afterwards

• harder to propagate than others

when selecting seeds, consider:

• trueness of name

• trueness of type

• free of contaminates

making a hybrid

• choose 2 plants of the same genus

• remove male parts

• open flower bud on female seed parent

• cover the flower

• collect pollen

• cross pollinate

bacteria

break down organic matter

fix nitrogen

bind soil particles into microaggregates

fungi

vital decomposers, nutrient transporters, structural engineers

bacterial disease

• rapid death

• blackening

• withering stems, leaves, blossoms

• rod shaped bacteria

leaf spots and pustules

produce dead, water-soaked spots on foliage

vascular wilts

block the plant’s water-conducting xylem vessels