Kines 203 Chapter 9

Hormone

A secretion of an endocrine gland that travels in the blood and has a regulatory effect on target tissues, organs, or glands.

Endocrine

Pertaining to a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the blood.

Steroid Hormone

A lipid-derived hormone, including sex hormones and adrenal cortex hormones, that binds to intracellular receptors.

Amino Acid Hormone

A hormone synthesized from amino acids, peptides, or proteins (e.g., insulin, pituitary hormones).

Target Tissue

The specific tissue or organ on which a hormone acts; also called target organ.

Receptor

A site on the cell membrane or within the cell to which a specific hormone attaches.

Pituitary Gland

A small endocrine gland at the base of the brain; anterior lobe secretes GH and tropic hormones, posterior lobe releases ADH and oxytocin.

Hypophysis

The pituitary gland; named from hypo ("below") and physis ("growing") because it grows below the hypothalamus.

Hypothalamus

A region of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and maintains bodily homeostasis.

Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis)

The anterior division of the pituitary gland that secretes six major hormones (GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL).

Posterior Lobe (Neurohypophysis)

The posterior division of the pituitary gland that stores and releases ADH and oxytocin.

Thyroid Gland

An endocrine gland on either side of the larynx and upper trachea that secretes T3 and T4 to regulate metabolism and growth.

Parathyroid Gland

Small endocrine glands on the posterior surface of the thyroid that secrete PTH to increase blood calcium levels.

Adrenal Gland

A gland on the superior surface of the kidney consisting of an outer cortex (steroids) and inner medulla (epinephrine/stress response).

Adrenal Cortex

The outer region of the adrenal gland that secretes cortisol, aldosterone, and sex hormones.

Adrenal Medulla

The inner region of the adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to stress.

Pancreas

An organ containing endocrine islet cells that produce insulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels.

Pancreatic Islet

A cluster of endocrine cells in the pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) that secretes insulin and glucagon.

Pineal Gland

A small gland in the brain that secretes melatonin to regulate mood, daily rhythms, and sexual development in response to light.

Thymus

An endocrine tissue in the upper chest that secretes thymosin, necessary for T-cell development and immunity.

Prostaglandins

A group of hormone-like lipids produced throughout the body that regulate uterine contractions, blood pressure, and inflammation.

endocrin/o

Endocrine glands or system

pituitar/i

Pituitary gland, hypophysis

hypophysi/o

Pituitary gland, hypophysis

thyr/o

Thyroid gland

thyroid/o

Thyroid gland

parathyr/o

Parathyroid gland

parathyroid/o

Parathyroid gland

adren/o

Adrenal gland, epinephrine

adrenal/o

Adrenal gland, epinephrine

adrenocortic/o

Adrenal cortex

insul/o

Pancreatic islets (islands)

Hypersecretion

Excessive secretion of a hormone by an endocrine gland.

Hyposecretion

Deficient or insufficient secretion of a hormone by an endocrine gland.

Gigantism

Overgrowth caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone from the pituitary during childhood.

Acromegaly

Overgrowth of bone and soft tissue in adults caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone.

Panhypopituitarism

Underactivity or total failure of the entire anterior pituitary gland.

Diabetes Insipidus

A disorder caused by insufficient ADH release, resulting in excessive thirst (polydipsia) and large amounts of dilute urine (polyuria).

Congenital Hypothyroidism

Thyroid hormone deficiency at birth resulting in physical and mental retardation.

Adult Hypothyroidism

Thyroid hormone deficiency in adults marked by dry waxy swelling, weight gain, lethargy, and hair loss; formerly called myxedema.

Graves Disease

An autoimmune disorder causing hyperthyroidism, goiter, tachycardia, weight loss, and exophthalmos.

Exophthalmos

Protrusion of the eyeballs, commonly seen in Graves disease.

Goiter

Enlargement of the thyroid gland, which may be toxic or nontoxic (such as from iodine deficiency).

Hyperparathyroidism

Overactivity of the parathyroid glands leading to hypercalcemia, bone resorption, and possible kidney stones.

Hypoparathyroidism

Underactivity of the parathyroid glands leading to low blood calcium, muscle spasms, and tetany.

Tetany

Irritability and continuous painful spasms of muscles, often caused by low blood calcium levels.

Addison Disease

A condition caused by deficiency of adrenal cortical hormones, leading to water loss, low blood pressure, weakness, and brown skin pigmentation.

Cushing Syndrome

A condition caused by excess adrenal cortex hormones or steroid therapy, marked by a moon face, obesity, weakness, and fluid retention.

Cushing Disease

Overactivity of the adrenal cortex resulting specifically from excess production of ACTH by the pituitary.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

A metabolic disorder of glucose regulation caused by insulin deficiency or cellular insulin resistance, leading to hyperglycemia.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islet cells resulting in absolute insulin deficiency; typically appears in childhood and requires insulin therapy.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)

A metabolic disorder initiated by cellular resistance to insulin, strongly linked to obesity and genetics.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

Glucose intolerance that first appears or is recognized during pregnancy.

Hyperglycemia

An abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood.

Hypoglycemia

An abnormally low concentration of glucose in the blood.

Glycosuria

The presence of excess sugar (glucose) in the urine.

Polyuria

Excessive or abnormally large production and passage of urine.

Polydipsia

Excessive or abnormal thirst.

Ketoacidosis

Acidosis caused by an accumulation of ketone bodies, commonly seen in uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.

Insulin Shock

A acute condition resulting from an overdose of insulin, leading to severe hypoglycemia.

Metabolic Syndrome

A combination of cellular insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, obesity, hypertension, and elevated blood lipids; also called Syndrome X.

Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)

Measurement of blood glucose after an 8-hour fast; a reading ≥126 mg/dL indicates diabetes.

Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Test

A test measuring glucose bound to hemoglobin over 2-3 months to evaluate long-term blood sugar control.

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

Measurement of blood plasma glucose 2 hours after drinking a glucose challenge; a level ≥200 mg/dL indicates diabetes.

Radioactive Iodine Uptake (RAIU) Test

A diagnostic test measuring thyroid function and iodine absorption using radioactive iodine.

Thyroid Scan

Visualization of the thyroid gland after administration of radioactive iodine to evaluate nodules or activity.

Sella Turcica

A saddle-shaped depression in the sphenoid bone of the skull that houses the pituitary gland.

Sphenoid Bone

A bone at the base of the skull containing the sella turcica and sphenoid sinus.

Adrenogenital Syndrome

Condition caused by adrenal cortex androgen overproduction, resulting in masculinization.

Conn Syndrome

Hyperaldosteronism caused by an adrenal tumor.

Craniopharyngioma

A benign tumor of the pituitary gland.

Hashimoto Disease

A chronic autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid gland (thyroiditis).

Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT)

Higher than normal blood glucose levels following glucose intake that signal prediabetes.

Ketosis

Accumulation of ketone bodies in the body resulting from faulty carbohydrate metabolism or starvation.

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN)

A hereditary disorder causing tumors in multiple endocrine glands.

Pheochromocytoma

A tumor of the adrenal medulla causing excessive production of epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Pituitary Apoplexy

Sudden hemorrhage and degeneration of the pituitary gland associated with a pituitary tumor.

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

A mood disorder with winter depression and lethargy related to ambient light levels and melatonin regulation.

Simmonds Disease

Severe panhypopituitarism causing profound emaciation; also called pituitary cachexia.

Thyroid Storm

A sudden, severe onset of thyrotoxicosis symptoms that can be life-threatening; also called thyroid crisis.

Thyrotoxicosis

A condition resulting from overactivity of the thyroid gland and elevated thyroid hormone levels.

von Recklinghausen Disease

Bone degeneration caused by severe hyperparathyroidism.

Transsphenoidal Adenomectomy

Surgical removal of a pituitary tumor accessed through the sphenoid sinus.

ACTH

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

ADH

Antidiuretic Hormone

BS

Blood Sugar

DM

Diabetes Mellitus

FBG / FBS

Fasting Blood Glucose / Fasting Blood Sugar

FPG

Fasting Plasma Glucose

FSH

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

GH

Growth Hormone

HbA1c / A1c

Glycated Hemoglobin (Hemoglobin A1c)

LH

Luteinizing Hormone

OGTT

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

PRL

Prolactin

PTH

Parathyroid Hormone

RAIU

Radioactive Iodine Uptake

T1DM

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

T2DM

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

T3

Triiodothyronine