27-30 AP psych

Law of effect

Principle that behaviors followed by favorable outcomes are more likely to follow

Operant chamber

Contains bar or key that animal can manipulate to get food

Reinforcement

Any event strengthens preceding response. Increases behavior

Shaping

reinforcement guides behavior toward closer and closer approximations of desired behavior

Positive

Adds something

Negative

Removal of something

Primary reinforcers

Innate

Secondary reinforces

Learned

Continuous reinforcer schedule

Reinforce desired response every time it occurs. Learns occur rapid, extinction rapid

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedule

Reinforcement response only part of time. Learning takes longer, harder to lose

Fixed

Set

Ratio

Number of responses

Variable

Random

Interval

Amount of time

Punishment

Decreases behavior

Biofeedback

Using monitoring sensors to monitor or measure involuntary bodily functions

Taste aversion

Identify tainted food taste it, sick after, then avoid it

Instinctive drift

Tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed pattern

Cognitive map

Mental representation of layout of one’s environment

Insight learning

Sudden realization of problems solution; contrasts with strategy based solutions

Latent learning

Learning occurs but isn’t apparent until there is incentive to demonstrate it

Extrinsic motivation

Desire to perform behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Intrinsic motivation

Desire to perform behavior effectively for own

Overjustification effect

Promising reward for task already enjoy can backfire. Occurs when expected external incentive decreases persons intrinsic motivation

Problem focused coping

Attempt to alleviate stress directly by changing stressor or way we interact with environment

Emotion focused coping

Attempt to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring stressor and attending to emotional needs rather than stress reaction

Personal control

belief that individuals can influence and shape their own experiences and outcomes, reflecting a sense of agency and autonomy in decision-making

Learned helplessness

Hopelessness and passive resignation animal or person acquires when unable to avoid repeated thing

External locus of control

Perception that chance or outside focus beyond our personal direction determine our fate

Internal locus of control

Perception that we direct and create own fate

Self control

Ability to control impulses and delay short term gratification for long term rewards

Observational learning

Learn without direct experience, imitate and watch

Modeling

Learn native languages and various specific behaviors by observing and imitating others

Mirror neurons

Frontal lobe neurons that’s some scientists believe fire when we perform certain actions or observe another’s actions

Pro social modeling

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. Exemplify nonviolent, helpful behavior can also prompt similar behaviors in others

Antisocial modeling

See violent, aggressive actions and more likely behave like that