Pediatric Nursing: School-Age Development, Cardiovascular Disorders, and Hematologic Conditions

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering growth and development of the school-age child, pediatric congenital and acquired cardiovascular disorders, and pediatric hematologic conditions including sickle cell anemia and hemophilia.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Erikson's developmental stage for the school-age child (ages 6 to 12 years), during which the child seeks a sense of accomplishment through skill mastery, develops same-sex friendships, and learns to appreciate viewpoints other than their own.

Concrete Operations

Piaget's stage of cognitive development characteristic of school-age children, defined by logical thinking, mastery of conservationism, classification abilities, understanding relational terms, and recognizing other people's perspectives.

Prepubescence

The transitional developmental period immediately preceding puberty, typically occurring at ages 10 to 12 years in girls and ages 12 to 14 years in boys.

Tooth Avulsion

The complete traumatic displacement and detachment of a tooth from its alveolar socket in the jawbone.

Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)

An abnormal opening between the two atria causing increased pulmonary blood flow, right ventricular hypertrophy, and left-to-right shunting; it is more prevalent in girls than boys, and approximately 80% close spontaneously.

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

An abnormal opening in the ventricular septum and the most common congenital heart defect (occurring in 4 to 5 per 1,000 live births), characterized clinically by a loud, harsh murmur at the left lower sternal border and an associated thrill.

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

Failure of the fetal arterial vessel connecting the pulmonary artery and the aorta to close after birth; closure is typically complete between 7 and 14 days of life, and pharmacologic closure can be managed using intravenous indomethacin or ibuprofen.

Coarctation of the Aorta

A localized narrowing of the aortic lumen due to a constricting band, leading to absent or diminished femoral pulses, lower extremity hypotension, and systolic blood pressure in the arms at least $20\,\text{mmHg}$ higher than in the legs.

Aortic Stenosis

A narrowing or stricture of the aortic valve resulting in left ventricular outflow obstruction, increased left ventricular pressure and hypertrophy, decreased cardiac output, hypotension, and potential pulmonary edema.

Pulmonary Stenosis

Narrowing at the entrance of the pulmonary artery or pulmonary valve that accounts for 10% of congenital heart anomalies, producing right ventricular hypertrophy, a systolic ejection murmur, and a widely split second heart sound.

Tetralogy of Fallot

A congenital cardiac defect characterized by decreased pulmonary blood flow comprising four classic anomalies: pulmonary valve stenosis, ventricular septal defect (VSD), overriding aorta (dextroposition of the aorta), and right ventricular hypertrophy.

Hypercyanotic Episode ("Tet Spell")

An acute paroxysm of profound cyanosis and hypoxemia occurring in infants with Tetralogy of Fallot during feeding, crying, or stress, managed by knee-to-chest positioning, supplemental oxygen, morphine sulfate, and propranolol.

Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)

A severe cyanotic cardiac anomaly where the aorta arises directly from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery arises from the left ventricle, creating two parallel circulations requiring prostaglandin PGE infusion to keep the ductus arteriosus patent until surgery.

Truncus Arteriosus

A rare congenital cardiac lesion (1% of defects) characterized by failure of normal arterial division, resulting in a single common arterial trunk that overrides a ventricular septal defect and supplies the systemic, pulmonary, and coronary circulations.

Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)

A lethal congenital defect accounting for 1% to 3% of cases, marked by an underdeveloped, nonfunctional left ventricle along with aortic and mitral valve atresia; managed with palliative three-stage surgical reconstruction (Norwood, Glenn, and Fontan procedures).

Congestive Heart Failure (Pediatric Clinical Signs)

Myocardial failure commonly presenting initially with tachycardia and tachypnea; right-sided failure produces systemic venous congestion (hepatomegaly, ascites, periorbital edema), while left-sided failure causes pulmonary congestion (dyspnea, rales, orthopnea).

Digoxin Nursing Considerations

Administration rules including counting the apical heart rate for one full minute before giving, administering 1 hour before or 2 hours after feedings, not repeating a vomited dose, and monitoring for toxicity signs (anorexia, nausea, vomiting, bradycardia, arrhythmias).

Rheumatic Fever

An autoimmune reaction triggered by an untreated group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngeal infection, typically peaking around age 8 years (range 6 to 15 years), resulting in fibrin deposition on heart valves and joints.

Jones Criteria (Major Manifestations)

The major clinical signs used to establish a diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever: carditis, erythema marginatum, subcutaneous nodules, polyarthritis, and Sydenham chorea.

Kawasaki Disease

An acute, self-limiting systemic vasculitis with peak incidence in toddlerhood; diagnosed by prolonged fever lasting more than 5 days unresponsive to antipyretics or antibiotics, bilateral non-exudative conjunctivitis, strawberry tongue, polymorphous rash, cervical lymphadenopathy, and extremity changes.

Strawberry Tongue

An oral manifestation characterized by erythema and enlarged, protruding lingual papillae, commonly observed during the acute phase of Kawasaki disease alongside dry, red, cracked lips.

Periungual Desquamation

Painless, sheet-like peeling of the skin around the nail beds of the hands and feet, characteristically developing during the subacute phase of Kawasaki disease.

Sickle Cell Disease (Pathophysiology)

An autosomal recessive genetic disorder producing abnormal hemoglobin S (HbS), which polymerizes and distorts red blood cells into rigid, sickle shapes during periods of low oxygen tension, acidosis, or increased blood viscosity.

Vaso-occlusive Crisis

The most frequent type of sickle cell crisis, caused by microvascular entrapment of sickled erythrocytes leading to tissue ischemia, severe bone, joint, or abdominal pain, dactylitis (hand-foot swelling), and ischemic organ injury.

Splenic Sequestration Crisis

A life-threatening hematologic crisis in children with sickle cell anemia where massive quantities of red blood cells become entrapped within the splenic microcirculation, resulting in rapid organ enlargement, acute profound anemia, and hypovolemic shock.

Acute Chest Syndrome

A critical pulmonary complication of sickle cell anemia caused by vaso-occlusion in the pulmonary vasculature, manifested clinically by acute chest pain, fever, tachypnea, cough, hypoxemia, and pulmonary infiltrates on chest imaging.

Hemophilia A

An X-linked recessive congenital bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency or dysfunction of clotting factor VIII, passed from carrier mothers to sons, and presenting with prolonged bleeding episodes and hemarthrosis.

Hemarthrosis

Spontaneous or traumatic bleeding into joint spaces (commonly knees, elbows, and ankles) seen in moderate-to-severe hemophilia, which can lead to permanent joint degeneration, contractures, and chronic arthropathy if left untreated.