HIS 1300 UNIT 3 EXAM

Gandhi

Indian lawyer and leader of the Indian independence movement against British rule. He developed and promoted satyagraha (nonviolent resistance based on truth and moral force) and became known as “Mahatma” (“great soul”). He led campaigns such as the Salt March (1930) and was assassinated in 1948.

Mustafa Kemal

Ottoman military officer who became the founder and first president of the Republic of Turkey. He led Turkish forces to victory in the Turkish War for Independence, abolished the sultanate and caliphate, and pursued sweeping secularizing and modernizing reforms. He later took the name Atatürk (“Father of the Turks”).

Sepoy Rebellion

(1857-1858): Also called the Indian Rebellion or Sepoy Mutiny. A major uprising by Indian soldiers (sepoys) in the British East India Company’s army, sparked by grievances including the rumored use of animal fat on rifle cartridges that offended Hindu and Muslim soldiers. It spread into a broader revolt against Company rule. After it was suppressed, Britain dissolved the East India Company and placed India under direct control of the Crown.

British India

(1858-1947): The portion of the Indian subcontinent governed directly by Britain after the Sepoy Rebellion, often called the British Raj. India was ruled by a viceroy and valued for its resources, markets, and manpower, and became the “jewel in the crown” of the British Empire. It ended with independence and partition into India and Pakistan in 1947.

Noncooperation

A strategy of nonviolent resistance in which people refuse to participate in, obey, or support an unjust authority. In India, Gandhi’s Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) urged Indians to boycott British goods, schools, courts, and government jobs, and to promote homespun cloth (khadi), in order to undermine British rule.

Gallipoli Campaign

(1915-1916): A World War I campaign in which British, French, and ANZAC (Australian and New Zealand) forces tried to seize the Dardanelles strait and capture Constantinople to knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war. It failed after heavy casualties and stalemate, and the Allies withdrew. It was an Ottoman victory that boosted Mustafa Kemal’s reputation and became a defining national moment for Australia and New Zealand.

Armenian Genocide

(1915-1923): The systematic mass murder and deportation of roughly 1 to 1.5 million Armenians by the Ottoman government during and after World War I. It included massacres, forced death marches into the Syrian desert, and starvation. It is recognized as genocide by many countries and scholars, though the modern Turkish government disputes the term.

Turkish War for Independence

The conflict in which Turkish nationalists, led by Mustafa Kemal, resisted the Allied occupation and partition of Anatolia imposed after the Ottoman defeat in WWI, including the Treaty of Sèvres. The nationalists defeated Greek, Armenian, and French forces, leading to the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), international recognition of Turkey’s borders, and the creation of the Turkish Republic.

Returning Soldiers

(1919): An editorial published in The Crisis, the NAACP’s magazine, in which DuBois addressed Black veterans coming home from WWI. He argued that although they fought for democracy abroad, they faced racism, violence, and inequality at home, and he called on them to continue fighting for their rights in America. It is famous for its defiant line “We return fighting.”

Lynching

The extrajudicial killing of a person, usually by a mob, carried out without legal trial, often by hanging. In the United States, lynching was used especially against Black Americans after the Civil War through the mid-20th century as a tool of racial terror and social control, with a surge during the post-WWI era (including the 1919 “Red Summer”). Efforts to pass federal anti-lynching legislation were repeatedly blocked for decades.

Adolf Hitler

(1889-1945): Nazi Party leader and dictator (Führer) of Germany from 1933 to 1945. He wrote Mein Kampf, launched WWII by invading Poland in 1939, and carried out the Holocaust. He killed himself in April 1945.

Benito Mussolini

(1883-1945):“Il Duce,” the Fascist dictator of Italy. He took power after the 1922 March on Rome, allied Italy with Hitler (the Axis), and was killed by Italian partisans in 1945.

Joseph Stalin

(1878-1953): Soviet dictator from the late 1920s to 1953. He ran forced collectivization, Five-Year Plans, and purges, signed the pact with Hitler, then led the USSR to victory in WWII.

Weimar Republic

(1919-1933): Germany’s democratic government from 1919 to 1933, set up after WWI. It was weakened by the Treaty of Versailles, hyperinflation, and the Great Depression, and it collapsed when Hitler came to power.

Operation Barbarossa

(June 22, 1941): Germany’s surprise invasion of the USSR, breaking the Nonaggression Pact. Opened the Eastern Front and brought the Soviets into the Allies.

Battle of Stalingrad

(1942-43): A Soviet victory and the turning point on the Eastern Front. The German Sixth Army surrendered.

Battle of Berlin

(April-May 1945): The Soviet Red Army captured Berlin. Hitler died and Germany surrendered soon after (V-E Day, May 8).

Nazism

Hitler’s ideology, built on racial hatred (especially antisemitism), “Aryan” supremacy, extreme nationalism, totalitarian control, and Lebensraum (living space in the East).

Fascism

Authoritarian ultranationalism with a single-party dictator, militarism, suppression of dissent, and the state placed above the individual. It began in Italy under Mussolini.

Soviet Communism

Marxist-Leninist ideology of a one-party state, state ownership, and a command economy, with a classless society as the goal. It was led by Lenin, then Stalin.

Soviet-German Nonaggression Pact

(Aug 23, 1939): Secret deal to split Poland and Eastern Europe. Let Hitler invade Poland without a two-front war. Ended with Barbarossa in 1941. Also called Molotov-Ribbentrop. Hitler and Stalin agreed not to attack each other and secretly divided Eastern Europe, including Poland. Germany broke it in 1941.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

U.S. president from 1933 to 1945. He ran the New Deal and Lend-Lease, led the U.S. through WWII after Pearl Harbor, and died in April 1945.

Four Freedoms Speech

(Jan. 1941): FDR named four freedoms: of speech, of worship, from want, and from fear. It justified U.S. support for the Allies before the U.S. entered the war.

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese communist and nationalist who founded the Viet Minh and led North Vietnam. He fought first the French, then the U.S.

Vietnamese Declaration of Independence

(Sept. 2, 1945): Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnam independent in Hanoi. It quoted the American Declaration of Independence (“all men are created equal”) and the French Declaration of the Rights of Man, using the West’s own ideals against colonial rule.

French Indochina

France’s colonies of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. Japan occupied them in WWII, and France tried to reclaim them afterward.

First Indochina War

(1946–54): The French fought the Viet Minh. France lost at Dien Bien Phu in 1954, and the Geneva Accords split Vietnam at the 17th parallel.

Manhattan Project

The secret U.S. program to build the atomic bomb, led by J. Robert Oppenheimer at Los Alamos. The first test was at Trinity in July 1945, followed by Hiroshima (Aug. 6) and Nagasaki (Aug. 9).

United Nations

Founded in 1945 to replace the failed League of Nations. It keeps peace through collective security, and the Security Council has five permanent members with veto power.

Harry Truman

Became president when FDR died in 1945 and ordered the atomic bombs dropped. He announced the Truman Doctrine (containment) and the Marshall Plan.

Cold War

The U.S.-Soviet rivalry from about 1947 to 1991. It was a standoff that never became direct war, fought through containment, the arms race, and proxy wars.

Mao Zedong

Leader of the Chinese Communists. He won the civil war and proclaimed the PRC in 1949, then launched the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution.

Chiang Kai-shek

Leader of the Nationalists (Kuomintang), backed by the U.S. He lost the civil war and fled to Taiwan in 1949.

Chinese Civil War

Nationalists versus Communists, from the 1920s to 1949 (paused during the Japanese invasion). The Communists won.

People’s Republic of China

The communist state Mao proclaimed on Oct. 1, 1949. Chiang’s government continued on Taiwan.

Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

(1966–76): Mao’s campaign to purge “bourgeois” and traditional elements and revive revolutionary spirit. Student Red Guards attacked intellectuals and officials, and the result was chaos and widespread persecution.

Lyndon B. Johnson

Became president after JFK’s assassination. He passed the Great Society, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and he escalated Vietnam after the Gulf of Tonkin incident. He chose not to run in 1968.

Martin Luther King Jr

Civil rights leader who championed nonviolence. He gave the “I Have a Dream” speech in 1963, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964, and was assassinated in 1968.

Vietnam War

(c. 1955–75): Communist North Vietnam, led by Ho, fought U.S.-backed South Vietnam. The U.S. justified its role with the domino theory. Key events were the Tet Offensive (1968) and the Paris Peace Accords (1973). Saigon fell in 1975.

Beyond Vietnam Speech

(April 4, 1967): King spoke at Riverside Church in New York and publicly condemned the war. He argued it drained resources from the poor and the Great Society, sent poor and Black soldiers to fight disproportionately, and called for negotiations. He linked racism, poverty, and militarism.

Haile Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia who resisted Italian invasion, helped lead African independence movements, and co-founded the Organization of African Unity (OAU).

Ernesto “Che” Guevara

Argentine revolutionary who helped Fidel Castro overthrow Cuba’s Batista government. He opposed imperialism and criticized both the U.S. and Soviet Union for exploiting poorer nations.

Fidel Castro

Cuban revolutionary who led the overthrow of dictator Fulgencio Batista in 1959 and established a communist government in Cuba.

Atlantic Charter

1941 joint declaration by Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill supporting self-determination and the restoration of nations occupied by fascist powers.

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 confrontation between the U.S. and Soviet Union after the USSR placed nuclear missiles in Cuba; ended with an agreement to remove the missiles.

Suez Crisis

1956 conflict after Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, leading Britain, France, and Israel to invade Egypt before international pressure forced their withdrawal.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Egyptian president who promoted secular pan-Arab nationalism, nationalized the Suez Canal, and helped establish the Non-Aligned Movement.

Camp David Accords

1978 agreements brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter between Egypt and Israel that led to a peace agreement.

Baath Party

Arab nationalist political movement promoting Arab unity and a cultural and political renaissance; generally secular.

Muslim Brotherhood

Sunni Islamic organization founded in Egypt in 1928 that promoted Islamic principles in government and society.

Eisenhower Doctrine

(1957): U.S. foreign policy stating that America would provide military and economic assistance to Middle Eastern countries threatened by communist aggression or influence.