New cerebral applications

Memory

• Retention of __ information

• Lifelong adaptations of brain circuitry in response to ___

learned

environment

Declarative memory

• Examples:

• Explicit or implicit?

• Results from?

Facts, events, locations, concepts

Explicit

Results from conscious effort

Nondeclarative memory

• Examples:

• Explicit or implicit?

• Results from?

Skills, habits, behaviors (procedural)

Implicit

Results from experience

Recollections that can be accessed on demand and easily verbalized

Declarative memory

Declarative memory is also called?

Conscious, explicit

Declarative memory requires?

attention

Declarative - Long term vs short term

Can recall days, months, years after initial storage

vs

Can recall close to event but may later forget

What is a common subtype of short term declarative memory

Working memory

Working memory

• __ storage and __ of information

• Maintains __-relevant information for a __ time.

Temporary, manipulation

Goal, short

Working memory is essential for?

language

problem solving

mental navigation

reasoning

Working memory

• Is required for?

• Central to?

complex mental multi-tasking

Cognition

What areas of the brain maintain, manipulate, and update information in working memory?

PFC & parietotemporal association cortex

Long term memory

• Which stage process information into memory representation?

Encoding

Long term memory

• Which stage stabilizes memory

Consolidation

Long term memory

• Which stage retrieves memories?

retrieval

Long term memory

• Encoding

  • What interferes?

  • What intensifies?

• Consolidation

  • Long term potentiation from?

  • Requires?

• Retrieval

  • Medial temporal lobe is accessed by?

  • What is the conductor - access parts of the cortex?

Amnesia is the failure of which type of memory?

Declarative

Amnesia occurs from damage to?

Limbic sx

Types of amnesia

What can be learned even when declarative memory fails?

Motor

Perceptual

Cognitive skills and habits

Non-declarative memory is also called?

Procedural memory

Nonconscious memory

Implicit memory

Non-declarative/Procedural Memory

• Involves what areas of the brain?

Motor & parietal cortices

Striatum

Cerebellum

Amygdala

Non-declarative/Procedural Memory

• Includes

  • __ skills

  • Perceptual skills?

  • Cognitive skills?

What is required to store procedural memory? this is called?

• Is it slow or fast? permanent or lost?

practice - motor learning

Slow, permanent

Consciousness include?

• Wake and sleeping

• Attention

• Initiation of action

• Arousal

• Selection of object of attention based on goals

• Motivation

What drives consciousness?

RF delivers neuromodulators to cerebrum (thalamus and cortex)

Limits of attention means?

As tasks become more autonomic, is more or less attention required?

Attention requires?

info that is not attended is not processed

less

orienting, dividing, selecting, sustaining, switching

Loss of consciousness is from?

• Torque to brainstem

• Increase in ICP

• lesions of cerebrum in diencephalon or putting pressure on brainstem

Impaired attention results from?

Brain injury/nuero dx that impairs ability to orient, divide (dual tasking), select, switch, or sustain attention.

ADHD

• Does it affect every aspect of attention

• Abnormal ___ from __ to where?

Yes

Abnormal circuitry

• PFC - striatum, parietal cortex, cerebellum

• Parietal cortex - temporal lobe

Is the ability to form concepts and reason

Intellect

Intellect requires integration of?

Verbal

Visuo-spatial

Working memory

Goal-directed behavior

Intellect

• Integration is achieved by connections between pre-frontal cortex and ___ (mathematical and spatial abilities)

Intellect disorders are due to?

Genetic abnormalities

Dementia

• Defined by generalized __

• Typically what type of tissue?

• Can cause issues with?

Any area called “association” is not directly involved with?

sensation or movement

Association areas function

Personality

Integration and interpretation of sensation

Processing memory

Generation of emotion

Lateral Prefrontal Association cortex

• Function

  • __ behavior

  • __ functions

  • __ thinking

Goal directed behavior

Executive function

Divergent thinking

Lateral Prefrontal Association cortex

• Includes processing of?

Lateral Prefrontal Association cortex

• Inhibits?

Socially inappropriate behavior

Damage to lateral PFC causes?

apathy, lack of goal-directed behavior, lack of divergent thinking

Difficulty with executive functions

Damage to lateral PFC - PT implications?

Pt not uncooperative- has lost neural capacity to initiate goal-oriented action

Can have huge effect on compliance and outcomes in PT

Does damage to lateral PFC affect performance on standard intelligence tests? this requires? problem comes with?

Medial PFC

• Function?

Emotions

Self awareness - own emotions & perception of others

Motivation

Medial PFC lesions cause?

Apathy

Lack of emotions

Lack of insight

Is a short-term subjective experience.

Emotion

Six structures recognize emotional stimuli and generate and perceive emotions:

Amygdala

• Collection of __

• Located deep in the ___

Amygdala

• Generates feelings of?

• Interprets?

• Essential for?

Area 25 includes the ___ inferior to __ of the __

What generates sad mood and depression?

Area 25 & mediodorsal thalamus

Function of anterior insula?

Provides awareness of emotions and stimuli inside the body (awareness of the present moment)

Ventral striatum includes?

caudate and putamen

Ventral striatum

• Determines __ and responses to __

• Plays a big role in __ (along with __)

Ventral striatum - damage causes?

Ventral striatum - excessive activity causes?

OCD

Ventral prefrontal association area connects with areas that regulate?

mood and affect

Ventral prefrontal association area

• Uses __ info to guide __ & inhibit __

Ventral prefrontal association area

• includes what structures?

Ventral prefrontal association area

• Part of what loop?

Social behavior loop includes

Making decisions depends on a(n): (3 thingss)

When making a decision where the outcome is uncertain, what is active?

What is concerned with seeking pleasure?

limbic loop

Good decisions depend on balance between?

Amygdala (gut rxn)

Lateral PFC (rational)

What does a lesion to the amygdala cause?

doesn’t sense personal fear or others’ fear

Somatic marker circuitry integrations ___ info to guide __

Lesion to somatic marker circuitry impairs?

Emotional intelligence requires?

Prefrontal association cortices includes?

Prefrontal association cortices - damage

• Interferes with emotion response to?

• Can lead to what kind of behavior?

• Causes?

Damage to Medial Dorsal PFC

Is abnormal, uncontrolled expression of emotions

Emotional liability

Emotional liability is caused by? marked by?

Reward pathway

• Compromised of? which project to?

• Communicates specifically with?

• Then projects to?

What is the reward pathway =

What do amphetamines do?

promote dopamine & NE

What does cocaine do?

Blocks reuptake of dopamine

What blocks the release of inhibitory NT (which increases dopamine) ?

Heroin & morphine

What does nicotine do?

Activates Ach receptors & depolarizes dopamine neurons

Stress Response

• Individual’s reaction to experiences can disrupt __ , which is called a stress response.

Stress Response

• What interaction?

• Thoughts and emotions influence the functions of?

• The brain regulates ___ which modulate __ system cells

• What regulates the neuroendocrine system?

Stress response (fight or flight)

• Somatic nervous system

  • Motor neuron activity increases __

• Autonomic nervous system

  • Sympathetic activity increases blood flow to __ and decreases it to __

• Neuroendocrine system:

  • Sympathetic stimulation of the __ releases __ into the bloodstream

  • Increases? Decreases ?