Ecol212 - Ecology in the Real World Otago

Example of grey infrastructure

Seawalls

Lake 226

Phosphorus experiment w curtain

How do we know the composition of microbial communities

Amplicon sequencing

Case study of microbial measuring

Takahe valley

Collective action is oppositional to

Group theory

Collective action states

Unless a group is small or coerced, people will act in their own self interests

An entity is morally considerable if

It needs to be taken into account for decisions

Primary CO2 vent sites in Italy

Ischia

Global food consumption by seabirds is

8%

immaneul kant’s catergorical imperative

Cause of action is leas by duty, not personal belief or desire

Flaws on consequentialist theory

Can erase minority voices for the greater good

Virtue ethics

What would a good person do?

Arne Naess

Deep ecology

Shallow ecology

Aims to treat, not erase, the problems of industry

How much net primary production is eaten in terrestrial systems?

13%

Ocean acidification has changed fish behaviour by

Lowering reaction and starte

Synergistic ecological effects

Combined effects are greater than expected from them in isolation

Purposes of ecological niche modeling

Identify high risk zones for invasive species and find suitable habitats for conservation efforts

How can we measure stress in animals?

Cortisol levels in blood or faeces

Disease spillover

Disease circulating in one host species infects a new, more vulnerable host

Screening

Assessment based on scale of the project and sensitivity of the location

Scoping

Identify key issues, define boundaries and decide on a study design

Rate of water extraction in the manuherikia river

75%

Recommended max water extraction rate in New Zealand

25%

Density dependant model of disease transmission

Transmission rates are exponentially higher in dense populations

Frequency dependent model of disease transmission

Non random interactions mean that contact between individuals is not density dependent. Density does not impact transition rate

Factors of ecological context

Area within a wider ecosystem - connectivity, buffering, processes and integrity

How the significance of ecological effects are measured?

Spatial and temporal scales, degree of change, national impact, magnitude of effect by the ecological value

Fourth criteria in an ecological impact assessment

Predict and assess effects

Hierarchy of managing ecological effects

Avoid, remedy, mitigate, offset, compensate

4 criteria of ecological value

Representativeness, rarity, diversity and context

Cumulative ecological effects

Adds to other effects over time and space

LENZ (land environments of New Zealand)

Ecological classification scheme that groups similar ecosystems to create a national framework for policy

Ecophysiology includes the study of

Reproduction, survival, tolerance, adaptation, acclimation, stress and metabolism

Benefits of grey infrastructure for disaster mitigation

Predictable performance, fast implementation, risk averse, historic and political support

Major issue with establishing nature based solutions

Variation in each case, and long implementation time

Hybrid approaches

Balance short term protection with long term natural protection and benefits on the ecosystem

Pancake ice is formed by

Rough ocean

Grease ice is formed by

Smooth ocean

Sea ice first freezes into

Frazil crystals

Warm surface water moves ____ from the shore

Away

Permanova is

Anova for multivariate data

Overfishing and pollution fall under what model of engaging collective action problems

tragedy of the commons

JA Mills harm principle

People should be free to act however they wish, unless their actions cause harm to someone else

Holistic theories of ethics include

Deep ecology and leopolds land ethics

Consequentialist normative ethics

Outcome based

Example of consequentialist ethics

Utilitarianism

Deontological normative ethics theory

Rules based

Virtue ethics

Intention and character of the actors