test 2 on 45&6

Osteoblast

Bone forming cell

Osteocyte

Mature bone cell, surrounded by bone matrix

Osteoclast

Large multinucleated cell that breaks bone down

features of compact bone tissue

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Osteons

Tightly packed cylinders that are found in compact bone

Central canal

Hollow tube in the center of the osteons where blood vessels run

Concentric lamellae

Layers that make up the osteons

Interstitial lamellae

Compact bone tissue between osteons

Lacuna

Hollowed out space where osteocytes live in compact bone

Canaliculi

“Tiny canals” that processes of osteocytes run through to communicate with one another

Features of Cancellous (spongy) Boke Tissue

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Trabeculae

The beams of bone that form the latticework of spongy bone that makes the center of bones very strong while weighing less

Osteoclast

Cell that breaks down bone

Osteocytes

Mature bone cell that lives in a lacuna

Osteoblast

Bone building cell

Canaliculi

“Tiny canals” that processes of osteocytes run through to commutative with one another

Bone marrow

Part of bone that makes blood cells stores fat in bone

Parts of a long bone

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Epiphysis

Nd of a long bone

Diaphysis

The central shaft of a long bone

Epiphyseal plate

Layer of a cartilage that separates that epiphysis from the diaphysis in a long bone, also where long bones grow in length (also called the growth plate)

Epiphyseal line

When the Epiphyseal plate becomes ossified and there is not more growth in the LENGHT of bones

Types of skeletal joints

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Fibrous joint

Joints held together with fibrous connective tissue that are immovable or slightly movable

Cartilaginous joint

Joints held together with fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage that are either immovable or slightly moveable

Synovial joint

Joint that allows for free movement of the skeleton

Types of synovial joints

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ball and socket

Shoulder and hip

Hinge joint

Elbow and knee

Saddle joint

Carpometacarpal joint (articulation of the carpel bones of the hand and wrist)

Ellipsoid joint

Radiocarpel joint (articulation of the carpel bones of the wrist and the radius of the arm)

Pivot joint

Atlantoaxial joint (joint of the first and second cervical vertebra called the atlas and axis or C1, C2)

Plane/gliding joint

acromioclavicular (AC) joint (the acromion process of the scapula and clavicle)

Anatomical position

When one stands upright with feet facing forward, upper limbs at the side with the thumbs pointing outward

Anatomical terms

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Superior

Above

Inferior

Below

Proximal

Near trunk

Distal

Away from trunk

Anterior

Front

Prosterior

Back

Lateral

Away from midline

Medial

Toward middling

Anatomical terms of movement

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Flexion

Making the angle of the joint smaller

Extension

Making the angle of a joint larger

(This happens in front of or behind the body when thinking about anatomical position)

Supination

Holding a bowl of soup

Pronation

Pouring the soup out

Dorsiflexion

Toes towards shin

Plantarflexion

Toes away from shin

Inversion

Turing the foot in

Eversion

Turning the foot out

Abduction

Moving away from midline

Adduction

Moving toward midline (this happens out to the sides id the body when thinking about anatomical position)

Medial rotation

Turning a bone on its axis toward midline

Lateral rotation

Turning a bone on its axis away from midline

Circumduction

Circular motion of a ball and socket joint

Functions of the muscle:

Movement, posture, heat production

Types of muscle tissue

Skeletal/striated

Cardiac

Smooth

Skeletal muscle tissue is voluntary or involuntary

Voluntary

Cardiac muscle tissue is voluntary or involuntary

Involuntary

Smooth muscles tissue is voluntary or involuntary

Involuntary

Characteristics of skeletal muscle

Contractility

Excitability

Extensibility

Elasticity

Neuromuscular junction definitions

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Neuron

The functional unit (parenchymal cells) of the nervous system, a nerve cell

Synapse

The interface between a neuron and another cell

Neurotransmitter

A chemical released by a neuron, which diffuses across the synaptic cleft, enabling a neuron to communicate with another cell

Motor unit

One motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates

Muscle definitions

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Tendon

Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

Origin

Point at which a muscle’s tendon attaches to more stationary bone

Insertion

Point at which a muscle’s tendon attaches to the more movable bone

Belly

Largest part of a muscle, contains muscles cells

Synergists

Muscles that work together to create the same movement

Prime mover

Muscle responsible for producing a specific movement or force at a joint

Agonist

Another term for prime mover

Antagonist

Muscle that moves the opposite of the prime mover

How are muscles are named

Muscles size

Muscles shape

Muscle location

Orientation of muscle fascicles

How are muscles named (more reasons)

Muscle origin/insertion

Number of heads (origin)

Muscle function