The_Industrial_Revolution Flashcards

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21 Terms

1
Industrial Revolution
A period of major industrialization that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, marked by the use of steam engines, increased factory production, and significant societal changes.
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2
Cottage Industries
Small-scale, home-based production, often by family members, of goods such as clothing, pottery, and weaving, prior to the rise of large manufacturing firms.
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3
Primary Sector
The sector of the economy that involves the extraction and harvesting of natural resources, including agriculture, fishing, and mining.
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4
Secondary Sector
The sector of the economy that involves manufacturing and processing raw materials into finished goods.
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5
Tertiary Sector
The sector of the economy that provides services to consumers and businesses, including retail, education, and health care.
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6
Positive Feedback Loop
A process in which an initially small effect leads to further increases, creating a cycle of growth or change.
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7
Enclosure Acts
Laws passed in Britain that allowed landowners to consolidate land, often displacing peasant farmers and leading to increased migration to cities.
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8
Demographic Transition Model (DTM)
A model that describes the transition of a society from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as it industrializes.
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9
Sweatshop
A factory or workshop, especially in the clothing industry, where employees work long hours under poor conditions for low pay.
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10
Mass Production
The manufacture of large quantities of goods using standardized designs and assembly line techniques, often leading to lower costs.
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11
Urbanization
The process by which large numbers of people move from rural areas to cities, resulting in the growth of urban areas.
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12
Tertiary Sector
The sector of the economy that provides services rather than goods, such as retail, education, and healthcare.
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13
Quaternary Sector
The sector of the economy focused on knowledge-based services, including research, development, and technology.
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14
Quinary Sector
The sector of the economy consisting of top-level executives, government officials, non-profit organizers, university presidents, and more.
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15
Iron and Coal
Essential natural resources that fueled the Industrial Revolution's growth, particularly in manufacturing and infrastructure.
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16
Overcrowding
A situation where a population exceeds the capacity of its environment or city to provide adequate living conditions, leading to poor health and sanitary issues.
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17
Economic Imperialism
A policy or practice whereby a nation seeks to control a country or territory's economy, typically through trade and resources rather than direct political control.
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18
Working Class
The social class consisting of people who are employed for wages, especially in manual or industrial work.
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19
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
The number of infant deaths for every 1,000 live births in a given year, often used as a measure of the overall health of a population.
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20
Mechanization
The process of introducing machines to perform tasks previously done by human labor, significant during the Industrial Revolution.
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21
Social Stratification
The hierarchical arrangement of social classes, often seen in industrial societies where distinctions arise from wealth and occupation.
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