The_Industrial_Revolution Flashcards

Industrial Revolution

A period of major industrialization that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, marked by the use of steam engines, increased factory production, and significant societal changes.

Cottage Industries

Small-scale, home-based production, often by family members, of goods such as clothing, pottery, and weaving, prior to the rise of large manufacturing firms.

Primary Sector

The sector of the economy that involves the extraction and harvesting of natural resources, including agriculture, fishing, and mining.

Secondary Sector

The sector of the economy that involves manufacturing and processing raw materials into finished goods.

Tertiary Sector

The sector of the economy that provides services to consumers and businesses, including retail, education, and health care.

Positive Feedback Loop

A process in which an initially small effect leads to further increases, creating a cycle of growth or change.

Enclosure Acts

Laws passed in Britain that allowed landowners to consolidate land, often displacing peasant farmers and leading to increased migration to cities.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that describes the transition of a society from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as it industrializes.

Sweatshop

A factory or workshop, especially in the clothing industry, where employees work long hours under poor conditions for low pay.

Mass Production

The manufacture of large quantities of goods using standardized designs and assembly line techniques, often leading to lower costs.

Urbanization

The process by which large numbers of people move from rural areas to cities, resulting in the growth of urban areas.

Tertiary Sector

The sector of the economy that provides services rather than goods, such as retail, education, and healthcare.

Quaternary Sector

The sector of the economy focused on knowledge-based services, including research, development, and technology.

Quinary Sector

The sector of the economy consisting of top-level executives, government officials, non-profit organizers, university presidents, and more.

Iron and Coal

Essential natural resources that fueled the Industrial Revolution's growth, particularly in manufacturing and infrastructure.

Overcrowding

A situation where a population exceeds the capacity of its environment or city to provide adequate living conditions, leading to poor health and sanitary issues.

Economic Imperialism

A policy or practice whereby a nation seeks to control a country or territory's economy, typically through trade and resources rather than direct political control.

Working Class

The social class consisting of people who are employed for wages, especially in manual or industrial work.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of infant deaths for every 1,000 live births in a given year, often used as a measure of the overall health of a population.

Mechanization

The process of introducing machines to perform tasks previously done by human labor, significant during the Industrial Revolution.

Social Stratification

The hierarchical arrangement of social classes, often seen in industrial societies where distinctions arise from wealth and occupation.