neurotransmitters

neurotransmitters

released at chemical synapses, bind to receptors on the post synaptic cell membrane

neuromodulators

changes a cells response to neurotransmitters

acetylcholine

class of its own

biogenic amines

norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, histamine

amino acids

excitatory: glutamate, aspartate inhibitory: gaba, glycine

peptides

substance P, neuropeptide Y, opioids, enkephalins, endorphin, dynorphin

purines

atp, gtp, adensoine

gases and lipds

carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, anandamide

pns controlled primarily by 2 neurotransmitters

ACh and norepinephrine

acetylcholine

cholinergic synapses, skeletal muscle contraction, autonomic function

norepinephrine

adrenergic synapses, autonomic function

agonists

mimic effect of neurotransmitter, stimulate receptor

antagonists

block effect of neurotransmitter

drugs that bind to post synaptic receptor can be

agonists or antagonists, affect removal of nt from synaptic cleft

nicotinic cholinergic receptors

skeletal muscles, autonomic ganglia, excitatory

muscarinic cholinergic receptors

excitatory or inhibitory, visceral muscles, cardiac muscles, CNS

function of biogenic amines

-pinephrine: alertness, cognitive attention, serotonin: emotional processing, mood, behavior, sleep dopamine: motor control, motivation, reward processing, mood

functions of amino acids

glutamate: long term storage of learning and memory glycine: inhibition to help motor function, vision, hearing gaba: inhibbits neural hyperactivity

adrenergic synapses - alpha adrenergic receptors

alpha 1 excitatory effect on smooth muscles of blood vessels of skin, causes constriction

alpha 1 antagonists

reduce hypertension

beta adrenergic receptors beta 1

excitatory on cardiac muscle

beta 1 blockers

reduce heart rate

beta 2

inhibitory on smooth muscles of respiratory tract, causes relaxation

beta 2 blocker

causes respiratory constriction

removal of nt from synaptic cleft

diffusion, enzymatic degredation, reuptake by transport proteins

removal of nt: cholinergic synapses

ache degredation of ach

removal of nt: monoamine synapses

monoamine oxidase degredation, selective reuptake into presynaptic terminal