Biochemistry Lecture Central Dogma

what does the central dogma of molecular biology deal with

the detailed residue-by-residue transfer of sequential information

what does the central dogma state

that such information cannot be transferred back from protein to either protein or nucleic acid

DNA and RNA are

long polymers

what do polymers do

carry information that is passed on to the next generation

genetic information is stored in

sequence of bases along a nucleic acid chain

what does base pairing and structure of DNA and RNA provide

the mechanism for copying the genetic information in an existing nucleic acid chain to form a new chain

what is mitochondrial Eve or mt-Eve based on

mitochondrial haplotypes that everyone inherits from their mom

what is Y-Adam based on

Y chromosome haplotypes that every male inherits from his dad

what can genotype tell you

where your DNA has been and other things too

what is a nucleotide

the building block for the nucleic acid family

what are the three key parts of a nucleotide

a pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

what is the general schematic of a nucleic acid

a polymer of nucleotides

how is a nucleic acid chain formed

by a dehydration reaction

where does the dehydration reaction occur to form a nucleic acid chain

between the first nucleotide’s sugar ring with the second nucleotide’s phosphate group

what is the bond called that forms from the dehydration reaction that forms the nucleic acid chain

phosphodiester bond

what is the enzyme that make the phosphodiester bond to increase the size of the nucleic acid

ligase

what is the enzyme that breaks the phosphodiester bond to breakdown the nucleic acid

DNA polymerase

where is the difference in the DNA and RNA pentose sugar

at the 2’ position not the 3’ position

what occurs at the 3’ position of DNA and RNA pentose sugar

used to make the phosphodiester bond

the repeated pattern of sugar is structurally boring but what

strong

what reaction is done to break down the phosphodiester bond

hydrolysis

what is not involved in the backbone stability in nucleic acids

nitrogen bases

why are RNA molecules chemically fragile

because of the potential for internal hydrolysis

what is the internal hydrolysis that occurs in RNA molecule

2’ OH group of the sugar reacting with its own phosphodiester bond which causes self cleavage

RNA molecule is known as what

self-limiting

what is teh enzyme that catalyze the internal hydrolysis reaction

RNAse

what are the two types of nitrogen bases

purines and pyrimidines

which nitrogen bases are bigger and bulkier

purines

what nitrogen bases are smaller and less bulky

pyrimidines

what nitrogen bases are purine

adenine and guanine

what nitrogen bases are known as pyrimidines

cytosine, uracil and thymine

what is a major structural stabilizing force in double stranded DNA

base stacking

before you make a nucleotide what must you make

nucleoside

what does a nucleoside not have

the phosphate group

how do you make a nucleoside

attach any appropriate nitrogen base to the C1 carbon of the pentose

what is the bond called when a nitrogen base is attached to the C1 of the pentose

N-glycosidic bond

when name nitrogen bases attached to RNA what do you add to the end of the base

-sine

what do you add to the beginning nitrogen bases

deoxy- prefix except when using thymidine

how do you make a nucleotide

add a phosphate through phosphoester bond to the nucleoside structure somewhere on the sugar using the sugar’s OH group

what is another name for Adenosine 5’ triphosphate

5’-ATP

by convention how are nucleic acid polymers always written

with the 5’ end to the left and the 3’ end to the right

what is the polarity in nucleic acid polymers

P-5’. 3’-OH

what was the team that was at King’s College London

Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin

what was the team that was at University of Cambridge

James Watson and Francis Crick

what was the team that was at the California Institute of Technology

Linus Pauling and Robert Corey

what did Erwin Chargaff’s discover

ratio of nucleotides in DNA

what was Erwin Chargaff’s self-given title

Mr. Nucleic Acid

what did Watson and Crick discover about the two helical polynucleotides

they are coiled around a common axis

what did Watson and Crick discover about the sugar-phosphate backbones and the bases

backbone on the outside and the bases lie on the inside

what did Watson and Crick discover about how the bases are laid in comparision to the axis of the helix

they are perpendicular

what is the diameter of the helices of DNA that Watson and Crick found

20 Angstroms

what are the two types of sections of prokaryotic genomes

coding regions (containing genes) and regulatory regions (control areas)

what are the three sections that are in the genomes of eukaryotes

coding regions (contain genes), regulatory regions (control areas), and noncoding regions (or useless stretches of DNA)

introns

intervening sequences in DNA

exons

coding regions in Eukaryotes

when are copies of DNA made

before each mitosis event in eukaryotes or binary fission in prokaryotes

what is the enzyme that copies the DNA for the daughter cells in eukaryotes

DNA polymerase

how many subunits does DNA Polymerase III have

17 subunits that form a quaternary structure