Anatomical Position

- Standing up right - feet slightly apart - arms down by side - palms rotated forward

Planes of the Body

- Median (midsagittal)

- Frontal (coronal)

- Transverse

Median (midsagittal)

- middle

- divides body into Equal right & left

Sagittal Plane:

- divides body into right and left halves

Frontal (coronal)

- cuts of front of body

- divides into front and back portions

( crown)

Transverse

cuts body into top and bottom

Cephalic (A)

- Frontal (forehead)

- Orbital (eyes)

- Nasal (nose)

- Buccal (cheek)

- Oral (mouth)

- Mental (chin)

Cervical (A/P)

neck region

Thoracic (A) (chest area of the body located between the neck and the abdomen)

- Sternal (sternum)

- Axillary (armpit)

- Mammary (breast)

Abdominal (A)

- Umbilical (bellybutton)

Pelvic (A)

- Inguinal (groin)

Pubic (A)

- genital

Upper Limb (A/P)

- Acromial (tip of shoulder blade)

- Brachial (upper arm)

- Antecubital (just Anterior) (Infront of elbow)

- Olecranon (just posterior) ( back of elbow)

- Antebrachial (forearm)

- Carpal (Just anterior) (wrist)

Manus (Hand) (A/P)

- Metacarpal (just posterior) (one of the five long bones in the palm of the hand that connect the wrist to the fingers and thumb)

- Palmar (just anterior) (palm)

- Pollex (just anterior)(thumb)

- Digital (fingers)

Lower Limb (A/P)

- Coxal (just anterior) (hip)

- Femoral (thigh)

- Patellar (just anterior)(front of knee)

- Popliteal ( (just posterior) (back of knee)

- Crural (just anterior)(leg)

- Sural (just posterior)(calf)

- Fibular or peroneal

Pedal (A/P) (foot)

- Tarsal (just anterior)(ankle)

- Calcaneal (just posterior)(heel)

- Metatarsal (just anterior)(one of the five long bones in the human foot located between the ankle area and the toes)

- Digital (toes)

- Plantar (sole or bottom of foot)

- Hallux (big toe)

Cephalic (P)

- Otic (ear)

- Occipital (back of head)

Back (P)(dorsal)

- Scapular (shoulder blade)

- Vertebral (spinal column)

- Lumbar ( lower back)

- Sacral (sacrum, which is the large triangular bone at the base of the spine)

- Gluteal (butt)

- Perineal (btween anus and external genitalia)

Superior (cranial)

- higher (up)

- top of body

- toward the head

Inferior (caudal(tail)

- down

- toward lower body

Anterior (ventral)

- front

- toward front

Posterior (dorsal)

- back

- towards back

Medial

- towards middle/midline of body

Lateral

- away from the middle of body

Intermediate

- between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal

- (proximity near/close)

- Closer to point of attachment of limb

Distal

- (distance far)

farther from point of attachment

Superficial

- external

- toward body surface

Deep

- internal

- away from the body surface

Body Cavities

- Dorsal

- Ventral

dorsal body cavity

Cranial Cavity:

- contains brain

Vertebral Cavity:

- contains spinal cord

Ventral body cavity (thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities)

Thoracic cavity: contains heart and lungs

- Superior mediastinum

- pleural cavity

- pericardial cavity within the mediastinum

Abdominal Cavity:

- digestive viscera

Pelvic Cavity:

- urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

- right or left according to patient)

Quadrants Superficial organs

RUQ

- Liver

- Gallbladder

RLQ

- ascending colon of large intestine

- small intestine

- cecum

- appendix

LUQ

- diaphragm

- spleen

- stomach

- transverse colon of large intestine

LLQ

- descending colon of large intestine

- initial part of sigmoid colon

- urinary bladder

Body Positions

Supine:

- lying on the spine

Prone:

- lying on the front

Right Lateral Recumbent:

- laying on right side

Left Lateral Recumbent:

- laying on left side

Flexion

bending to bring bones closer together

- closer to fetal position

- flexion = question for arm

Extension

increase the angle between bones

- stretching out of fetal back to normal

Abduction

away from the midline

Adduction

toward the midline

Circumduction

- circular motion

- combination of other motions

Rotation

- turning on an axis

External Rotation

- getting ready to throw a ball

Lateral rotation

-turn out

Medial rotation

• turn in

Pronation

- At the forearm

- radius rotates over ulna

- soup on the floor

Supination

- At the forearm

- radious and ulna parallel

- holding soup

Dorsiflexion

- at the ankle

- bending up of ankle

Plantar Flexion

- at the ankle

- straightening of ankle (point)

- extension of the ankle

Inversion

- turn inward of ankle

- bottom of foot turn in

eversion

- turn outward of ankle

- bottom of foot turn out

protraction/retraction

Protraction:

- bottom mandible (jaw) out

Retraction

- bottom mandible (jaw) in

Elavation/Depression

Elevation

- closed mouth / up

Depression

- open mouth / down

Opposition

Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips

Functions of Skeletal System (7)

• support

• Protection

• Anchorage (ex. Origins, insertions)

• Mineral and growth factor storage

• bone cell formation

• Triglyceride storage

• Hormone production

1. (Central) Haversian Canal

2. Osteon ( haversian system)

3. Circumferential lamellae

1. Compact bone

2. Spongy bone

1. Perforating (volkmanns) canal

2. Endosteum lining: lines bony canals and covers trabeculae

Lamellae

1. Perforating (Sharpeys) fibers

2. Periosteal blood vessel

3. Periosteum

1. Nerve

2. Vein

3. Artery

4. Canaliculi

5. Osteocyte in a lacuna

1. Lamellae

2. Central canal

3. Lacunae

1. Interstitial lamella

2. Lacuna (with osteocyte)

1. Sternum

2. Ribs

1. Lumbar vertebrae

2. Scarum

3. Coccyx

1. Cervical vertebrae

2. Thoracic vertebrae

1. Nasal bone

2. Zygomatic bone

3. Maxilla

4. Lacrimal bone

5. Vomer

6. Mandible

1.sphenoid

2. Ethmoid

3. Frontal

4. Parietal

5. Temporal

6. Occipital

1. Parietal bone

2. Sagittal suture

3. Sutural bone

4. Lambdoid suture

1. Occipital bone

2. Superior nuchal line

3. External occipital protuberance

4. Inferior nuchal line

5. External occipital crest

6. Occipital condyle

7. Occipitomastoid suture

1. Sagittal suture

2. Lambdoid suture

3. Squamous suture

4. Temporal bone

5. External occipital protuberance Inferior

6. Mastoid process

7. Occipital condyle

1. Left parietal bone

2. Right parietal bone

3. Occipital bone

All Skull and Associated Bones

Left side:

1. Parietal bone

2. Squamous part of frontal bone

3. Nasal bone

Right Side:

1. Frontal bone

2. Glabella

3. Frontonasal suture

4. Supraorbital foramen (notch)

Supraorbital margin

1. Sphenoid bone(greater wing)

2. Temporal bone

3. Ethmoid bone

4. Lacrimal bone

5. Zygomatic bone

6. Infraorbital foramen

7. Maxilla

8. Mandible

9. Mental foramen

10. Mental

1. superior orbital fissure

2. Optic canal

3. Inferior orbital fissure

4. Ethmoid Bone: middle nasal concha + Perpendicular Plate

5. Inferior nasal concha

6. Vomer

1. Parietal bone

2. Greater wing of sphenoid bone

3. Temporal bone

4. Optic canal

5. Lacrimal bone

6. Ethmoid bone: middle nasal concha + perpendicular plate

7. Zygomatic bone

8. Infraorbital foramen

9. Mastoid process of temporal bone

10. Inferior nasal concha

11. Maxilla

12. Mental protuberance

1. Frontal bone

2. Squamous part of frontal bone

3. Glabella

4. Frontonasal suture

5. Supraorbital suture

6. Supraorbital margin

7. Nasal bone

8. Superior orbital fissure

9. Inferior orbital fissure

10. Vomer bone

11. Mandible

12. Mental foramen

1. Coronal suture

2. Parietal bone

3. Squamous suture

4. Lambdoid suture

1. Occipital bone

2. Temporal bone

3. Zygomatic process

4. Occipitomastoid suture

5. External acoustic meatus

6. Mastoid process

7. Styloid process

8. Condylar process

9. Mandibular notch

10. Mandibular ramus

11. Mandibular angle

1. Frontal bone

2. Sphenoid bone (greater wing)

3. Ethmoid bone

4. Lacrimal bone

5. Lacrimal fossa

6. Nasal bone

1. Zygomatic bone

2. Maxilla

3. Alveolar processes

4. Mandible

5. Mental foramen

6. Coronoid process

Left side:

1. Hard palate: maxilla(palantine process) + palantine bone (horizontal plate)

2. Zygomatic bone

Right side:

1. Incisive fossa

2. Intermaxillary suture

3. Median palatine suture

4. Infraorbital foramen

5. Maxilla

1. Vomer

2. Temporal bone (zygomatic procces)

3. Mandibular fossa

4. Styloid process

5. Mastoid process

6. Temporal bone (prtrous part)

7. Basilar part of the occipital bone

8. External occipital crest

9. External occipital protuberance

1. Sphenoid bone

2. Pterygoid process

3. Foramen ovale

4. Foramen spinosum

5. Foramen lacerum

6. Carotid canal

7. External acoustic meatus

8. Stylomastoid foramen

9. Jugular foramen

10. Occipital condyle

11. Inferior nuchal line

12. Superior nuchal line

13. Foramen magnum

1. Ethmoid bone: crista gali + cribriform plate

2. Anterior cranial fossa

3. Sphenoid: lesser + greater wing

4. Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcia (holds pituitary gland)

1. Middle cranial fossa

2. Temporal bone (petrous part)

3. Posterior cranial fossa

4. Parietal bone

5. Occipital bone

6. Foramen magnum

1.Frontal bone

2. Cribriform foramina

3. Optic canal

4. Foramen rotundum

5. Foramen ovale

6. Foramen spinosum

7. Foramen lacerum

1. Foramen lacerum

2. Internal acoustic meatus

3. Jugular foramen

4. Hypoglossal canal

1. Squamous suture

2. Temporal bone

3. Lambdoid suture

4. Occipital bone

5. Occipitomastoid suture

6. Extenal occipital protuberance

7. Interal acoustic meatus Jugular foramen

8. Sella turcia of sphenoid bone

1. Pterygoid process of sphenoid bone

2. mandibular foramen

3. Palatine bone

4. Palantine process of maxilla

5. Mandible

1. Frontal sinus

2. Crista gali

3. Nasal bone

4. Sphenoidal sinus

5. Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate)

6. Vomer

7. Incisive canal

8. Maxilla

9. Aveolar processes

1. Parietal bone

2. Coronal suture

3. Frontal bone

4. Sphenoid bone: greater + lesser wing

   
   

1. External acoustic meatus

2. squamous part

3. Petrous part

4. Mastoid process

5. Styloid process

6. Tympanic part

7. Mandibular fossa

8. Zygomatic process

starting at bottom left

1. Foramen spinosum

2. Posterior clinoid process

3. Foramen ovale

4. Foramen rotundum

5. Superior orbital fissure

6. Optic canal

7. Optic groove

8. Tuberculum sellae (name in middle)

9. Anterior clinoid process

10. Lesser wing

11. Greater wing

12. Sella turcica

13. Dorsum sellae

14. Sphenoidal spine

1. Dorsum sellae

2. Posterior clinoid process

3. Middle clinoid process

4. Foramen rotundum

5. Anterior clinoid process

6. Optic groove

7. Tuberculum sellae

8. Sella turcia (middle name)

9. Lesser wing

10. Greater wing

11. Foramen ovale

12. Foramen spinosum

13. Sphenoidal spine

14. To optic canal

1. Medial plate

2. Lateral plate

3. Foramen rotundum

4. Superior orbital fissure

5. Sphenoidal sinus

6. Pterygoid sinus

7. Lesser wing

8. Greater wing

9. Orbital surface of greater wing

10. Pterygoid process

1. Foramen rotundum

2. Greater wing

3. Superior orbital fissure

4. Sphenoidal sinus

5. Lesser wing

6. Orbital surface of greater wing

7. Pterygoid canal

8. Pterygoid process

9. Lateral plate

10. Medial plate

starting at top going right

1. Crista galli

2. Left lateral mass

3. Middle nasal concha

4. Perpendicular plate

5. Ethmoid air cells

6. Orbital plate

7. Cribriform plate (with cribriform foramina)

1. Superior, middle, and inferior meatus

2. Sphenoid bone: sphenoidal sinus, pterygoid process

3. Palatine bone: perpendicular plate

4. Palatine bone: horizontal plate

1. Frontal sinus

2. Ethmoid bone:(superior nasal concha, middle nasal concha)

3. Inferior nasal concha

4. Nasal bone

5. Anterior nasal spine

6. Maxillary bone (palatine procsess)

1. Frontal sinus

2. Ethmoidal air cells (sinus)

3. Sphenoidal sinus

4. Maxillary sinus

1. Cranial cavity

2. Ethmoidal air cells

3. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid

4. Maxillary sinus

5. Vomer

6. Tongue

7. Mandible

1. Frontal sinus

2. Frontal bone

3. Right orbit

4. Superior nasal concha

5. Middle nasal concha

6. Zygomatic bone

7. Infieror nasal concha

8. Maxilla (bony palate)