science test rewew

Mutation

A permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene.

Mutations in a gene can lead to what effects on an organism?

They can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral.

Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction

Asexual reproduction results in identical offspring, while sexual reproduction results in variation.

Role of Chromosomes in Genetics

They carry the genetic information.

Which process results in genetic variation?

Sexual reproduction.

What leads to genetic variation during sexual reproduction?

Combination of genes from two parents.

How can mutations occur?

By exposure to radiation or chemicals.

What is a neutral mutation?

A silent mutation that does not affect protein function.

Significance of Meiosis in Sexual Reproduction

It reduces the number of chromosomes by half.

What is a gene?

A segment of DNA that codes for a protein.

What is genetic variation?

Differences in the DNA sequences among individuals.

Outcome of a harmful mutation

It reduces the organism's ability to survive and reproduce.

How is genetic information passed during asexual reproduction?

By copying the parent's DNA to the offspring.

Importance of Genetic Variation

It provides a better chance for adaptation and survival.

Genes vs Chromosomes Relationship

Chromosomes are made of genes.

What structure contains all your genetic information?

DNA.

True or False: A single human skin cell can be seen with your naked eye.

False.

What is genetics?

The study of traits and how they are passed on.

Characteristic or feature that can be passed from parent to offspring

Trait.

Example of an inherited trait

Eye color.

What is heredity?

The passing of traits from parents to offspring.

Example of an acquired trait

Learning to play piano.

What is a chromosome?

A tiny thread-like structure composed of DNA that contains genes.

DNA stands for:

Deoxyribonucleic Acid.

Genes are:

Segments of DNA that code for specific traits.

Definition of a genome

The complete set of genetic information in an organism.

Sexual reproduction involves:

Two parents and combining genetic material.

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

23 pairs (46).

Difference between mitosis and meiosis

Mitosis produces two identical cells, meiosis produces four different cells.

Four proteins found in DNA

Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

What is a mutation?

A change in genetic sequence.

A karyotype shows:

A complete set of chromosomes arranged from largest to smallest.

Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are:

Identical to the parent.

Variations in traits are important because they:

They can be harmful, beneficial, or neutral.

Example of a beneficial mutation

Sickle cell anemia providing malaria resistance.

Method of mutation occurrence

By exposure to radiation or chemicals.

Outcome of a harmful mutation on an organism

It reduces the organism's ability to survive and reproduce.

First cell after egg and sperm combine

Zygote.

X-shaped structures containing DNA

Chromosomes.

Another word for characteristic

Trait.

All genetic information of an organism is called:

Genome.

Segment of DNA that determines the outcome of a specific trait

Gene.

The sperm and egg are what kind of cells?

Sex cells.

Different forms of the same gene are called:

Alleles.

The most accurate description of DNA

A complex model that contains all the genetic information that makes up chromosomes.

What word best describes an organism's visible traits?

Phenotype.

Organism's genetic makeup

Genotype.

Result of asexual reproduction

The end product is 2 identical cells with the same exact genetic information.

Father of Genetics

Gregor Mendel.

Change in genetic sequence that causes a new trait to be inherited

Mutation.

An organism's genotype is its:

Genetic makeup.

When the 2 alleles are the same version (HH or hh) we call it:

Homozygous.

When the 2 alleles are different (Hh) we call it:

Heterozygous.

Normal set of human chromosomes in karyotype

A.

Represented by a capital letter when showing alleles

Dominant allele.

This diagram used to predict possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring

Punnett square.

Represented by a lowercase letter when showing alleles

Recessive allele.