S1.1 Introduction to the particulate nature of matter

Matter

Anything that has mass and volume, typically classified as solid, liquid, and gas

Atoms

Smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of the element, they are made of subatomic particles.

Molecule

Any group of 2 or more atoms chemically bonded in a fixed ratio

Pure substances

Consists of only one type of substance

Elements

Consists of one type of atom, cannot be broken down further

Compounds

2 or more different elements chemically bonded in a fixed ratio

Mixtures

Composed of more than 1 element or compound in no fixed ratio, not chemically bonded, components of mixtures retain their own properties and can be separated through physical methods

Homogenous mixtures

Mixtures in uniform composition with no visible phases or boundaries

Heterogenous mixtures

Mixtures in non-uniform composition with visible boundaries and phases

Filtration

Separating an insoluble solid from a solution, usually heterogenous, separation by size of particles

Evaporation

Separates dissolved solute from solution, usually homogenous, separation by bp difference

Solvation

Separation of a heterogenous mixture of 2 solids based on differences in solubility, and then filtration

Distillation

Separation of a liquid mixture based on differences in bp

Chromatography

• Separates components of mixtures based on their affinities to the stationary and mobile phases.

• Components more soluble in mobile phase travel further than components with stronger affinity to stationary phase

Retention factor

Recrystallisation

Removes impurities mixed with solids by dissolving them in a hot solvent and allowing pure crystals to form upon cooling, while impurities stay behind in liquid

Kinetic Molecular Theory

Solid state

Liquid state

Gas state

Density formula

Changes of state

State symbols

Exothermic change of state

Endothermic change of state

Celcius and Kelvin scale

Function of heat and cooling curves

Show how states of matter change as heat is applied

Explain the Heating curve