Lab Review: Taxonomy, Bacteria, and Protists

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering phylogenetic tree analysis terms, bacterial shapes, structures, and cyanobacteria, along with protist taxa and their phylogenetic placements.

Maximum Parsimony

A concept used to analyze (not make) a phylogenic tree in Lab 4: Taxonomy.

Convergent Evolution (Homoplasy)

A phylogenetic concept, also designated as homoplasy, used to analyze a phylogenic tree in Lab 4: Taxonomy.

Homology

A term used to analyze (not make) a phylogenic tree in Lab 4: Taxonomy.

Root

A structural part of a phylogenic tree to analyze in Lab 4: Taxonomy.

Evolutionary Reversal

A term used to analyze a phylogenic tree in Lab 4: Taxonomy.

Ancestral Characteristic

A character state used when analyzing a phylogenic tree in Lab 4: Taxonomy.

Derived Characteristic

A character state used when analyzing a phylogenic tree in Lab 4: Taxonomy.

Branch Point

A feature on a phylogenic tree to analyze in Lab 4: Taxonomy.

Basal Taxon

A taxon designation analyzed on a phylogenic tree in Lab 4: Taxonomy.

Clades

Groups analyzed on a phylogenic tree, categorized into monophyletic, polyphyletic, and paraphyletic types in Lab 4: Taxonomy.

Monophyletic

A type of clade analyzed on a phylogenic tree in Lab 4: Taxonomy.

Polyphyletic

A type of clade analyzed on a phylogenic tree in Lab 4: Taxonomy.

Paraphyletic

A type of clade analyzed on a phylogenic tree in Lab 4: Taxonomy.

Bacilli

A bacterial structure or shape to identify in Lab 5: Bacteria.

Cocci

A bacterial structure or shape to identify in Lab 5: Bacteria.

Spirilla

A bacterial structure or shape to identify in Lab 5: Bacteria.

Capsule

A bacterial structure to identify in Lab 5: Bacteria.

Endospore

A bacterial structure to identify in Lab 5: Bacteria.

Flagella

A bacterial structure to identify in Lab 5: Bacteria.

Heterocyst

A bacterial structure to identify in Lab 5: Bacteria.

Gram +/- (Purple\Pink)

A bacterial structure/property identified by Purple and Pink staining in Lab 5: Bacteria.

Anabaena

A bacterial organism to identify and know the phylogeny for in Lab 5: Bacteria.

Gleocapsa

A bacterial organism to identify and know the phylogeny for in Lab 5: Bacteria.

Merismopedia

A bacterial organism to identify and know the phylogeny for in Lab 5: Bacteria.

Oscillatoria

A bacterial organism to identify and know the phylogeny for in Lab 5: Bacteria.

Giardia

An organism to identify and know the phylogeny for (Supergroup, Subgroup, etc.) in Lab 6: Protists.

Euglena

An organism to identify and know the phylogeny for (Supergroup, Subgroup, etc.) in Lab 6: Protists.

Trypanosoma

An organism to identify and know the phylogeny for (Supergroup, Subgroup, etc.) in Lab 6: Protists.

Dinoflagellates

Organisms to identify and know the phylogeny for (Supergroup, Subgroup, etc.) in Lab 6: Protists.

Trichomonas

An organism to identify and know the phylogeny for (Supergroup, Subgroup, etc.) in Lab 6: Protists.

Plasmodium

An organism to identify and know the phylogeny for (Supergroup, Subgroup, etc.) in Lab 6: Protists.

Paramecium

An organism to identify and know the phylogeny for (Supergroup, Subgroup, etc.) in Lab 6: Protists.

Saprolengia

An organism to identify and know the phylogeny for (Supergroup, Subgroup, etc.) in Lab 6: Protists.

Diatoms

Organisms to identify and know the phylogeny for (Supergroup, Subgroup, etc.) in Lab 6: Protists.

Fucus

An organism to identify and know the phylogeny for (Supergroup, Subgroup, etc.) in Lab 6: Protists.

Sargassum

An organism to identify and know the phylogeny for (Supergroup, Subgroup, etc.) in Lab 6: Protists.

Radiolarians

Organisms to identify and know the phylogeny for (Supergroup, Subgroup, etc.) in Lab 6: Protists.

Foraminiferans

Organisms to identify and know the phylogeny for (Supergroup, Subgroup, etc.) in Lab 6: Protists.

Amoeba proteus

An organism to identify and know the phylogeny for (Supergroup, Subgroup, etc.) in Lab 6: Protists.

Polysiphonia

An organism to identify and know the phylogeny for (Supergroup, Subgroup, etc.) in Lab 6: Protists.

Volvox

An organism to identify and know the phylogeny for (Supergroup, Subgroup, etc.) in Lab 6: Protists.

Ulva

An organism to identify and know the phylogeny for (Supergroup, Subgroup, etc.) in Lab 6: Protists.

Chara

An organism to identify and know the phylogeny for (Supergroup, Subgroup, etc.) in Lab 6: Protists.

Spirogyra

An organism to identify and know the phylogeny for (Supergroup, Subgroup, etc.) in Lab 6: Protists.

Maximum Parsimony

The principle in phylogenetic tree analysis stating that the tree requiring the fewest evolutionary events or character changes is the most likely hypothesis.

Convergent Evolution (Homoplasy)

The independent evolution of similar traits or features in different lineages, rather than inheritance from a shared common ancestor.

Homology

Phenotypic or genetic similarity among organisms resulting from shared common ancestry.

Root

The ancestral branch point at the base of a phylogenetic tree representing the most recent common ancestor of all taxa shown in the tree.

Evolutionary Reversal

The evolutionary return of a derived character state back to an ancestral trait state.

Ancestral Characteristic

A trait or feature that originated in an ancestor of a taxon and is inherited in its original state by descendant lineages.

Derived Characteristic

An evolutionary novelty or character state that evolved in an ancestor and is unique to a particular clade, absent in earlier ancestors.

Branch Point

A node on a phylogenetic tree representing the point where two or more evolutionary lineages diverge from a common ancestor.

Basal Taxon

A lineage on a phylogenetic tree that diverged early in the group's evolutionary history and originates near the common ancestor.

Monophyletic

A clade or group that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendant species.

Polyphyletic

A group consisting of distantly related organisms that does not include their most recent common ancestor.

Paraphyletic

A grouping that includes a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendant species.

Bacilli

Rod-shaped bacterial cells.

Cocci

Spherical or rounded bacterial cells.

Spirilla

Spiral- or helical-shaped bacterial cells.

Capsule

A dense, protective polysaccharide or protein layer surrounding the cell wall of certain bacteria.

Endospore

A highly resistant, dormant structure formed inside certain bacterial cells to survive extreme or unfavorable environmental conditions.

Flagella

Whip-like cellular appendages used primarily for motility and locomotion in bacteria and single-celled organisms.

Heterocyst

A specialized, thick-walled cell found in certain filamentous cyanobacteria dedicated to nitrogen fixation.

Gram +/- (Purple\Pink)

A staining procedure distinguishing bacteria by cell wall composition: Gram-positive bacteria stain purple due to thick peptidoglycan, while Gram-negative bacteria stain pink due to a thin peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane.

Anabaena

A genus of filamentous, photosynthetic cyanobacteria containing specialized heterocysts for nitrogen fixation.

Gleocapsa

A genus of photosynthetic cyanobacteria whose spherical cells are grouped together within distinct concentric gelatinous sheaths.

Merismopedia

A genus of cyanobacteria that forms flat, square- or rectangular-shaped colonies arranged in regular grids embedded in mucilage.

Oscillatoria

A genus of unbranched, filamentous photosynthetic cyanobacteria capable of a characteristic slow oscillating or gliding motility.

Giardia

A flagellated, unicellular parasitic protist belonging to the supergroup Excavata (subgroup Diplomonads).

Euglena

A genus of unicellular, flagellated mixotrophic protists belonging to the supergroup Excavata (subgroup Euglenozoans).

Trypanosoma

A parasitic, flagellated protist belonging to the supergroup Excavata (subgroup Kinetoplastids).

Dinoflagellates

A group of aquatic, biflagellated protists with cellulose armor plates belonging to the SAR supergroup (subgroup Alveolates).

Trichomonas

An anaerobic, flagellated parasitic protist classified under the supergroup Excavata (subgroup Parabasalids).

Plasmodium

An apicomplexan parasitic protist belonging to the SAR supergroup (subgroup Alveolates) that causes malaria.

Paramecium

A single-celled, ciliated freshwater protist classified under the SAR supergroup (subgroup Alveolates / Ciliates).

Saprolengia

A genus of aquatic water molds (oomycetes) classified within the SAR supergroup (subgroup Stramenopiles).

Diatoms

Unicellular photosynthetic algae with rigid, glass-like cell walls composed of hydrated silica, belonging to the SAR supergroup (subgroup Stramenopiles).

Fucus

A genus of multicellular brown algae (rockweed) belonging to the SAR supergroup (subgroup Stramenopiles).

Sargassum

A genus of free-floating brown macroalgae belonging to the SAR supergroup (subgroup Stramenopiles).

Radiolarians

Amoeboid protists with intricate skeletons of silica and radiating pseudopodia, classified in the SAR supergroup (subgroup Rhizarians).

Foraminiferans

Amoeboid protists characterized by porous, multi-chambered shells (tests) made of calcium carbonate, belonging to the SAR supergroup (subgroup Rhizarians).

Amoeba proteus

A freshwater single-celled protist that moves and feeds using broad, lobe-like pseudopodia, belonging to the supergroup Amoebozoa.

Polysiphonia

A genus of red algae (Rhodophyta) belonging to the supergroup Archaeplastida.

Volvox

A genus of colonial green algae forming hollow spherical colonies composed of flagellated cells, belonging to the supergroup Archaeplastida (Chlorophyta).

Ulva

A genus of multicellular sheet-like green algae (sea lettuce) belonging to the supergroup Archaeplastida (Chlorophyta).

Chara

A genus of multicellular freshwater green algae (stoneworts) belonging to the supergroup Archaeplastida (Charophyta), closely related to land plants.

Spirogyra

A genus of filamentous green algae possessing distinct, ribbon-like spiral chloroplasts, classified under the supergroup Archaeplastida (Charophyta).