Cell Reproduction and Karyotypes

Reproductive cells in organisms

Gametes

Cell with half of the chromosomes needed for a zygote

Haploid

Cell with all chromosomes needed in an organism

Diploid

Picture of an organism's chromosomes lined up by size and pairing

Karyotype

Syndrome caused by an error in annaphase two, causing chromosome 21 to have 3 chromatids

Down Syndrome

Syndrome found only in males with XXY

Klinefelter Syndrome

Syndrome found only in females with a missing X(XO)

Turners Syndrome

Chromosomes that don't directly affect the sex of an organism

Autosomes

1)Chromosomes in a genetically normal Human 2)Chromosomes in a genetically normal Gamete

1)46

2)23

Karyotype notation for a male with Klinefelter Syndrome

47, XXY

Karyotype notation for a female with Turner Syndrome

1)45, XO

2)45, XX,-X

Karyotype notation for a male with Down Syndrome

47, XY,+21

Karyotype notation for a genetically normal female

46, XX

Chromatids that are paired up by their same length and size, but they are not identical

Homologous Chromosomes

Karyotype notation for a male with 6 monosomy

45, XY,-6

Chromosome pair on a karyotype with 3 chromatids

Trisomy

Chromosome pair on a karyotype with 1 chromatid

Monosomy

Karyotype notation for a female with trisomy 13

47, XX,+13

4 daughter haploid cells are produced through which process

Meiosis

2 daughter diploid cells are produced through which process

Mitosis

Meiosis produces which cells

Gametes

Mitosis produces which cells

body cells(skin, organs) and developing zygotes

Phases of the cell cycle

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

EVENT in the cell cycle where the cell is completely separated

Cytokinesis

Phase in the cell cycle where the cell spends roughly 80% of its time

Interphase

Programmed cell death

Apoptosis.

The 3 sections of interphase

G1, S Phase, G2

Section of interphase where the cell rests; this is the interval between mitosis and DNA replication

G1

Section of interphase where DNA is replicated and proteins associated with replication are made(centromeres), also known as "synthesis phase"

S phase

Section of interphase where organelles and molecules for cell division are produced(centioles)

G2

Phase in the cell cycle where chromosomes/DNA condenses and the nucleus dissapears

Prophase

Phase in the cell cycle where chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell and are attached to centioles

Metaphase

Phase of the cell cycle where chromatids are pulled to either side of the cell

Anaphase

Phase of the cell cycle where the cell begins to split and the nucleus forms around the chromosomes

Telophase

Phases of the cell cycle in MEIOSIS

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I,

Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

Phase of the cell cycle in Meiosis where 4 daughter cells are made

Telophase II

DNA and proteins in the nucleus that condense to form chromosomes

Chromatin

What is the name for the process of cell division( __ Phase)

M Phase

How many hours does it take to complete G1

11 hours

How many hours does it take to complete S phase

8 hours

How many hours does it take to complete G2

4 hours

How many hours does it take to complete M phase

1 hour

Phase where the cell is "resting" and doing its job, some cells stay in this phase or spend alot of time in it

G0

Cells that spend most of their time in G0

Lung, some skin, kindney, blood, etc

Cells that never leave the G0 phase

Mature cardiac cells, nerve cells

How many cells are in a human body

50-75 trillion

Karyotype notation for a male with Trisomy 13 Syndrome

47, XY,+13

Sex chromosomes for a genetically normal female

XX

Sex chromosomes for a genetically normal male

XY

Body temp drops ___F every hour after death

1.5

It takes between ______ minutes for a human cell to go through mitosis

30-90

Uncontrolled cell growth

Cancer

___ Billion human cells go thorugh apoptosis every day

50

Skin cells live are replaced:

2-3 weeks

Red blood cells are replaced:

4 months

White blood cells are replaced:

afew hours-afew days

Cells in the stomach lining are replaced:

5 days

Colon cells are replaced:

4 days

Sperm cells are replaced:

3-5 days

Liver cells are replaced:

1 years

Brain cells are replaced:

Never(~30 years)

Neurons are replaced:

Never

Cells in the inner lens of the eye are replaced:

Never

Muscle cells of the heart are replaced:

Never(~40 years)

Name for cells that continually go through mitosis(stem cells), Skin cells, cells in the GI tract, and bone marrow cells

Labile Cells

Area where the chromatids are attached

Centromere

Area where crossing over takes place amoung homologous chromosomes

Chiasma

Cytokinesis literally means:

"Cell movement"

In plant cells a ______ forms to create a cell wall to separate the 2 daughter cells

Cell plate

Karyotype notation for a genetically normal male

46, XY