Chapter 5- The structure and function of large biological molecules

what are most macromolecules

polymers

what are most polymers built from

monomers

what is a polymer

long molecule consisting of similar building blocks

examples of polymers

carbs, proteins, and nucleic acids

what is dehydration reaction

synthesizing a polymer

what is hydrolysis

breaking down a polymer

how does hydrolysis break a bond

by adding a water molecule

what do carbohydrates include

sugars and polymers of sugars

what are the simplest carbohydrates

monosaccharides or simple sugars

examples of monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, and galactose

what are carbohydrate macromolecules

polysaccharides

what are polysaccharides

polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

monosaccharides have molecular formulas that are usually multiples of

CH2O

what is the most common monosaccharide

Glucose (C6H12O6)

what are monosaccharides classified by

location of carbonyl group and number of C in carbon skeleton

what are aldoses

aldehyde sugars- all the way in the back

what are ketoses

ketone sugars-keep in middle

what are pentoses

five carbon sugars (C5H10O5)

what are hexoses

six carbon sugars (C6H12O6)

example of trioses

glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone

examples of pentoses

ribose and ribulose

examples of hexoses

glucose, galactose, and fructose

when is a disaccharide form

when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides

what is the bond between two monosaccharides called

glycosidic linkage

what do polysaccharides have

storage and structural roles

the architect and function of a polysaccharide are determined by

its sugar monomers and the positions of its glycosidic linkages

what is a starch

a storage polysaccharide of plants, consists of glucose monomers

what do plants store

surplus starch within chloroplasts and other plastids

what is the simplest form of starch

amylose

what are the four major types of biological

carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids

what is glycogen

a storage polysaccharide in animals

where is glycogen mainly stored

liver and muscle cells

hydrolysis of glycogen in these cells can

release glucose when the demand for sugar increases

what polysaccharide is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells

cellulose

What is the difference between starch and cellulose if they are both polymers made of glucose

glycosidic linkages differ

what is the difference in the glycosidic linkages

two ring forms: alpha (a) and beta (b)

Enzymes that digest starch by hydrolyzing alpha (a) linkages

can’t hydrolyze beta (b) linkages in cellulose

the cellulose in human food passes through the digestive tract as

insoluble fiber

what do some microbes use to digest cellulose

enzymes

what is chitin

structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods

what is a lipid

does not include true polymers and mix poorly if at all with water

what do lipids mostly consist of

hydrocarbon regions

what are the most biologically important lipids

fats, phospholipids, and steroids

what smaller molecules are fats constructed from

glycerol and fatty acids

what is glycerol

a three carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon

what does a fatty acid consist of

a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton

what do fatty acids vary in

length (number of carbons) and the number and locations of double bonds

have maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds

saturated fatty acids

have one or more double bonds

unsaturated fatty acids

a diet rich in saturated fats may contribute to

cardiovascular disease through plaque deposits

what is hydrogenation

converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

contribute more than saturated fats to cardiovascular disease

trans fats

what is the major function of fats

energy storage

where do humans and other mammals store their long term food reserves in

adipose cells

what does adipose tissue also do

cushion vital organs and insulates the body

what is a phospholipid

two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to glycerol

phospholipids added to water, self assemble into double-layered sheets called

bilayers

characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

steroids

type of steroid and component in animal membranes

cholesterol