Topic 1.3: Cell Structure and Function

Vocabulary practice flashcards covering cell types (prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic), cellular organelles, cellular processes (photosynthesis and cellular respiration), and classification of organisms based on cell count.

Prokaryotic Cell

A simpler, smaller, and less complex cell that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, such as a bacterium.

Eukaryotic Cell

A larger, more complex cell that contains a nucleus surrounded by a membrane and membrane-bound organelles, such as plant and animal cells.

Cell Membrane

A thin covering composed of two thin layers on the outside of the cell that separates the cell's interior from its surroundings and regulates materials entering and leaving the cell.

Cytoplasm

A jelly-like fluid (liquid jelly) within plant and animal cells that surrounds other organelles and gives the cell its shape.

Nucleus

A round, dark organelle located in the center of the cell that acts like the brain of the cell, controlling cell activities and housing Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA).

Mitochondria

Kidney- or jelly bean-shaped organelles with internal folds that serve as the powerhouse of the cell by converting energy through cellular respiration.

Cellular Respiration

A chemical reaction in cells that consumes food (glucose) and oxygen to produce energy needed to sustain life processes: $\text{food (glucose)} + \text{oxygen} \rightarrow \text{carbon dioxide} + \text{water} + \text{energy}$.

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A network of membrane-covered channels folded like a fan or accordion that extends from the nuclear membrane to transport materials.

Ribosomes

Small structures located either free-floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum that manufacture proteins essential for cellular function and survival.

Golgi Body / Golgi Apparatus

An organelle composed of smooth, flattened stacks that sorts and packages proteins into membrane-wrapped pouches called vesicles.

Vesicle

A small membrane-bound sac that acts like a vehicle, transporting proteins, nutrients, and water within the cell and out of the cell.

Vacuole

A membrane-enclosed storage sac used for holding food and wastes; present in both plant and animal cells, but much larger in plant cells.

Lysosome

A specialized vesicle containing digestive enzymes that breaks down food particles and cellular waste, and recycles worn-out cells; found primarily in animal cells.

Cell Wall

A rigid, tough structure surrounding the cell membrane in plant cells that provides structural support, protection, and a box-like shape.

Chloroplast

An organelle found exclusively in plant cells (leaves and stems) containing stacks of small discs that traps solar energy to carry out photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis

A chemical reaction in plant cells that converts the Sun's light energy into chemical energy (sugar): $\text{carbon dioxide} + \text{water} + \text{light energy} \rightarrow \text{sugar} + \text{oxygen}$.

Unicellular Organism

A living organism that consists of only a single cell, such as bacteria, archaea, and protists.

Multicellular Organism

A living organism composed of more than one cell, such as plants, frogs, beetles, and humans.

Archaea

A group of unicellular prokaryotes with cell walls and distinct cytoplasmic molecules, known for their ability to thrive in extreme environments such as hydrothermal vents.

Flagella

Tail-like structures present on some bacterial cells that provide motility.