western civilization exam 2
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51 Terms
Industrial Revolution
The shift to machine-powered manufacturing, including steam power in factories, which increased production and made goods more widely available.
What is capitalism?
Private ownership of the means of production.
What was the Peterloo Massacre?
A protest in England over political representation and working conditions that ended when cavalry charged the crowd.
Who was Lord Liverpool?
The British prime minister at the time of the Peterloo Massacre.
Who was Lord Castlereagh?
A British political leader mentioned in connection with the government during the Peterloo period.
Who was George IV?
The British king who succeeded George III.
Who was William IV?
The British king who succeeded George IV and was monarch during the Reform Act of 1832.
What were the Corn Laws?
Tariffs and restrictions on grain imports that protected domestic producers and helped keep grain prices high.
What is Sir Robert Peel known for in the lecture?
Establishing London’s Metropolitan Police Force.
Who was Lord Grey?
The British prime minister associated with the Reform Act of 1832.
Who was Benjamin Disraeli?
A British prime minister associated in the lecture with the Royal Titles Act of 1876.
Who were the Tories?
One of the two dominant British political parties in the period; the lecture describes them as Conservatives.
Who were the Whigs?
One of the two dominant British political parties in the period; the lecture describes them as Liberals.
What was the Crystal Palace?
The glass building that hosted the Great Exhibition, which showcased British technology.
What did the Royal Titles Act of 1876 do?
It made Queen Victoria Empress of India.
What was the Congress of Vienna?
A meeting after Napoleon’s defeat where European leaders arranged the postwar order and sought to reintegrate France.
What is socialism?
In the lecture’s simplified distinction, government ownership of the means of production.
What is communism?
In the lecture’s simplified distinction, communal ownership of the means of production.
Who was Karl Marx?
A philosopher and political writer associated with the development of communism.
What was the Crimean War?
A war in which Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire fought Russia.
What was the Battle of Balaclava?
A battle during the Crimean War, remembered in part for the Charge of the Light Brigade. The transcript’s wording for this item is garbled.
Who was Napoleon III?
The French leader who became president and then emperor; his rule ended after France’s defeat in the Franco-Prussian War.
What was Crédit Mobilier?
A French investment bank founded in 1852 and associated with financing railways. The transcript does not clearly capture this term; it has a garbled phrase that may refer to it.
Who was Vittorio Emmanuel II?
The king of Piedmont-Sardinia who became the first king of a unified Italy
Who was Vittorio Emmanuel II?
A military and popular leader who helped bring about Italian unification.
What was the Frankfurt Assembly?
An elected German assembly that met in 1848–49 and attempted to create a unified German nation. The transcript’s description of this item is inaccurate or garbled.
Who was Otto von Bismarck?
The Prussian statesman who played a leading role in German unification.
What was the Seven Weeks’ War?
The 1866 war between Prussia and Austria.
What was the Franco-Prussian War?
A war between Prussia and France that ended in France’s defeat and Napoleon III’s fall.
Who was Wilhelm I?
The king of Prussia who became German emperor after German unification.
What was Charles Darwin’s key contribution to evolutionary theory?
He explained natural selection as a mechanism of evolution.
What is James Clerk Maxwell known for?
Developing equations that describe electricity and magnetism.
What was the Michelson–Morley experiment?
An experiment designed to detect the supposed “ether” through which light was thought to travel. Its results challenged the ether theory.
Who was Albert Einstein?
A physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity.
What is special relativity?
Einstein’s theory that includes the result that time passes differently for observers moving relative to one another.
What is general relativity?
Einstein’s theory of gravity.
Who was James Young Simpson?
A doctor who helped establish chloroform’s use as an anesthetic.
Who was Florence Nightingale?
A nurse who served during the Crimean War and helped transform the nursing profession.
What was a suffragist, as distinguished in the lecture?
Someone who campaigned for women’s right to vote using peaceful methods.
What was a suffragette, as distinguished in the lecture?
Someone who campaigned for women’s suffrage using more militant tactics.
Who was Helene Stöcker?
An early feminist who advocated greater sexual autonomy for women.
What was the “White Man’s Burden”?
A colonialist idea that claimed white people had a duty to rule or “civilize” other peoples.
What is Social Darwinism?
The application of ideas about natural selection to human societies and social classes, often used to justify inequality.
What is scientific management?
A method of organizing work to improve efficiency. The lecture names it but does not explain it further.
What was the Conference of Berlin?
the gathering of delegates from the various German states to discuss German unification
What was the Boer War?
A series of conflicts in southern Africa between the British and the Boers, descendants of Dutch settlers.
What was the Opium War?
A conflict between Britain and China connected to British opium trading and the forced opening of Chinese markets.
What was the Spanish-American War?
A war between the United States and Spain that resulted in the United States taking control of the Philippines, among other territories.
What was the Russo-Japanese War?
A war between Russia and Japan that ended in Russia’s defeat and strengthened Japan’s status as a world power.
What was sati?
A practice in which a widow died on her husband’s funeral pyre.
Who was Leopold II?
The Belgian king who controlled the Congo Free State, where forced labor and brutal exploitation caused immense suffering and loss of life.