CSDS 117 Exam 2

Consequence stimuli that decrease the probability of a behavior being exhibited in the future are called what?

Punishers

Consequence stimuli that increase the likelihood that a behavior will be exhibited are called what?

Reinforcers

Why is it important that SLPs have a solid understanding of A-B-C contingencies?

Because they help clinicians understand the specific environmental stimuli that need to be either added or removed in order to affect the frequency of verbal behavior.

What are neurophysiologic contingencies ?

Refer to the medical variables that may underlie an observed behavior. For example, a child who has an unrepaired cleft palate will exhibit a hypernasal vocal quality.

What are contingencies?

Refer to the correlation between a behavior and various other environmental stimuli

Know the problems associated with group research designs

Something about being in a clinical setting ?

Know the benefits of single subject research

• Often, less costly to implement

• Can be used to establish the viability of a treatment method prior to expending the resources needed to conduct a study utilizing a group design

• Help determine effective treatments for specific clients

Understand and be able to identify examples of independent variables

time-out, response cost, verbal praise, token reinforcement, corrective feedback, and so forth

Understand and be able to identify examples of dependent variables

fluency of speech, expressive language, pragmatic behaviors, vocal quality, and so forth.

Know the types of single subject research designs

• Pre-experimental (AB) design

• Withdrawal (ABA/ABAB) design

• Multiple-baseline/multiple probe design

• Changing-criterion design

• Multiple-treatment design

• Alternating treatments design

Write on a separate piece of paper & see if your graphs are correct module 80-83?

If provided a graph, be able to identify which single subject research design was used

Internal validity

the degree to which data in a study reflect a true cause-effect relationship

External validity

generalizability- to what settings, populations, treatment variables, and measurement variables the effect can be generalized

Social validity

the social significance of the target behavior, the appropriateness of the procedures, and the social importance of the results

Understand the possible confounding variables in single subject research

• Instrumentation: problems with the data collection method/instrument

• Maturation: changes in subject over course of experiment

• Attrition: losing participants as an experiment progresses 

• Testing: a change in the dependent variable because it has been measured more than once

• Setting Confounds: Studies in natural settings are more prone to confounding variables than in controlled laboratories

• Observer drift/bias: individual who is taking data has a bias 

• Treatment drift: when application of independent variable in later phases differs from original application

• Treatment integrity: Extent to which the independent variable is implemented or carried out as planned

Direct replication

Duplicates exactly the conditions of an earlier experiment

Systematic replication

Researcher purposefully varies one or more aspects of earlier experiment

Interobserver agreement

a measure of the agreement in data collection between multiple observers

Intraobserver agreement

a measurement of the agreement in data when the same person measures an event repeatedly

identify each part of involved in A-B-C contingencies

check textbook chapter 4, write it out and see if you got it right

Overt behavior

behavior that can be observed by someone other than the person performing it (saying a sentence, manding, tacting, etc.)

Stimulus deltas

Stimulus in which behavior has not produced reinforcement in the past

Covert behavior

behavior that can be observed only by the person performing it

Positive reinforcement

Events, that when made contingent on a response, increase the future probability of that response

Negative reinforcement

a response removes, reduces, postpones, or prevents a stimulus, and as a result, the response increases in frequency

automatic reinforcement

self stimulatory behavior, such as scratching an itch, rocking, vocal stereotypy, delayed echolalia, and self injurious behaviors

positive punishment

You are adding something as a consequence to decrease a given behavior

negative punishment

You are removing something as a consequence to decrease a given behavior

Per our in class discussion, which verbal operant is most often overlooked by standardized speech-language tests?

Mands

Functional behavior assessment

A set of procedures used to define environmental events that predict and maintain behaviors of interest

Indirect measures of an FBA

• The clinical interview

• Questionnaires

• Checklists

Direct measures of an FBA

• What antecedents are involved?

• How is the behavior reinforced?

  • Positive reinforcement

  • Negative reinforcement

  • Automatic reinforcement

• The key forms of direct observation include:

  • ABC Data Collection

  • Scatterplots

When and why are functional analysis’ typically conducted

is conducted after the indirect assessments and direct observations. The process of testing hypotheses about the functional relations among antecedents, target behavior, and consequences is why it is conducted.

What are the components of the functional behavioral assessment

indirect assessments, direct observations, functional analysis

Know the conditions included in an analog functional analysis

• Contingent attention

• Contingent escape

• Alone

• Control (i.e., free play)

If given a functional analysis graph, be able to identify the function of the behavior

go over the ones on the slides 80-83 module 5

Know the names of the commercially available behavioral assessments discussed in class

VB-MSS, etc

Know the various stimulus preference assessments discussed in class

TBD