Personaliity

What is personality?

The patterns of how a person typically thinks, feels, and behaves.

What are personality traits?

Long-lasting characteristics that describe how someone usually behaves.

What is factor analysis?

A method that groups related characteristics together to identify personality traits.

What are the Big Five personality traits?

Extraversion, Neuroticism, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness.

What is Extraversion?

Being outgoing, social, talkative, and enjoying time with others.

What is Neuroticism?

The tendency to experience negative emotions like anxiety, insecurity, and stress.

What is Openness?

Being curious, creative, imaginative, and open to new experiences.

What is Agreeableness?

Being kind, trusting, helpful, cooperative, and understanding.

What is Conscientiousness?

Being organized, responsible, disciplined, and goal-oriented.

What does OCEAN stand for?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

Who created the psychodynamic perspective?

Sigmund Freud.

What does the psychodynamic perspective focus on?

Early childhood experiences, unconscious thoughts, and internal conflicts.

What are the three parts of Freud's personality theory?

Id, Ego, and Superego.

What is the Id?

The instinctive part of personality that wants immediate pleasure.

What is the pleasure principle?

The Id's desire to get what it wants immediately.

What is the Ego?

The decision-making part of personality that balances desires with reality.

What is the reality principle?

Delaying gratification until it is appropriate.

What is the Superego?

The moral part of personality that focuses on right and wrong.

What is the conscious mind?

Things you are aware of right now, such as thoughts and feelings.

What is the preconscious mind?

Memories and information that can easily be brought into awareness.

What is the unconscious mind?

Hidden thoughts and desires outside of awareness that influence behavior.

What is internal conflict?

Disagreements between the Id, Ego, and Superego.

What are defense mechanisms?

Strategies used to cope with anxiety caused by internal conflicts.

What did Freud believe shapes personality?

Early childhood experiences, unconscious thoughts, and internal conflicts.

Who was Carl Jung?

A psychologist who believed the unconscious mind influences personality.

What is the personal unconscious?

Hidden memories and experiences belonging to an individual.

What is the collective unconscious?

Inherited memory patterns and experiences from our ancestors.

What are archetypes?

Inherited patterns that have universal meaning.

What are examples of archetypes?

The hero, the mother, and the child.

What is the Persona?

The mask or image we present to other people.

Who was Alfred Adler?

A psychologist who developed Individual Psychology.

What is striving for superiority?

The drive to improve yourself and overcome life's challenges.

What is compensation?

Overcoming real or imagined weaknesses by developing your abilities.

What is overcompensation?

Trying to hide feelings of inferiority.

What is an inferiority complex?

An overwhelming feeling of inadequacy or not being good enough.

What did psychodynamic theories teach us?

Unconscious forces, internal conflicts, and childhood experiences can shape personality.

What are weaknesses of psychodynamic theories?

They are difficult to test, rely on case studies, have weak evidence, and have been criticized for sexism.

Who is associated with behaviorism?

B.F. Skinner.

What is behaviorism?

The idea that behavior is shaped through learning and conditioning.

How did Skinner explain personality?

As a collection of learned response tendencies connected to different situations and stimuli.

Who developed Social Cognitive Theory?

Albert Bandura.

What is observational learning?

Learning by watching and observing other people.

What is a model in observational learning?

A person whose behavior is being observed.

What is self-efficacy?

A person's belief in their ability to successfully perform a behavior or task.

How does self-efficacy affect behavior?

It influences which activities people try and how they view their abilities.

Who was Walter Mischel?

A psychologist who studied how situations influence behavior.

What did Mischel believe about behavior?

People may behave differently depending on the situation.

What shapes behavior according to Mischel?

Both personality traits and situational factors.

What is an example of Mischel's theory?

Someone may be shy in one setting but outgoing in another.

What are strengths of behavioral theories?

They use scientific research and show how conditioning, the environment, and learning from others shape behavior.

What are weaknesses of behavioral theories?

They can overlook mental processes and apply animal research too quickly to humans.

What is humanism?

A perspective that emphasizes human freedom, personal growth, and potential.

Who developed person-centered therapy?

Carl Rogers.

What did Carl Rogers believe personality was based on?

The self.

What is self-concept?

A person's beliefs about their own qualities, nature, and typical behavior.

What is incongruence?

When a person's self-concept does not match reality.

How can incongruence affect someone?

Too much incongruence can hurt their well-being.

What is unconditional affection?

Being loved and accepted without having to meet certain conditions.

What is conditional affection?

Receiving affection or approval based on meeting certain expectations.

Who developed the Hierarchy of Needs?

Abraham Maslow.

What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

A theory that people must meet other needs before reaching self-actualization.

What is self-actualization?

Reaching your full potential and becoming the best version of yourself.

When can self-actualization happen?

When other needs have been met.

What do healthy personalities seek according to Maslow?

Self-actualization.

What are strengths of humanistic theories?

They emphasize personal experiences, self-concept, and personal growth.

What are weaknesses of humanistic theories?

They are difficult to test and may be overly optimistic.

Who developed a biological theory of personality?

Hans Eysenck.

What did Eysenck believe about personality?

Personality has a hierarchical structure and a strong genetic basis.

What are higher-order traits?

Broad personality traits, such as Extraversion.

What are basic traits?

Smaller traits that make up broader traits, such as being sociable or active.

What are habitual responses?

Behaviors a person regularly shows.

What are specific behaviors?

Individual actions a person performs in a situation.

What does twin research suggest about personality?

Twins can have similar personality scores even when raised apart.

What does polygenic mean?

A trait is influenced by many different genes.

Which personality traits appear to be polygenic?

Neuroticism and Extraversion.

What does evolutionary research suggest about personality?

Certain personality traits can be adaptive.

What is narcissism?

An inflated sense of self-importance and a need for attention and admiration.

What are characteristics of narcissism?

Entitlement, need for admiration, attention-seeking, and exploiting others.

How is self-esteem in narcissism described?

High but fragile.

How are narcissistic people sometimes described?

Charming but can become arrogant and self-centered.

Which Big Five trait is positively associated with narcissism?

Extraversion.

Which traits are negatively associated with narcissism?

Agreeableness, Honesty, and Humility.

What is grandiose narcissism?

Bold, attention-seeking, and aggressive narcissism.

What is vulnerable narcissism?

Insecure, sensitive, and dependent on approval.