DNA Test

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Last updated 1:01 PM on 10/16/26
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70 Terms

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DNA
The molecule that carries inherited instructions.
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Double helix
The shape formed by two twisted strands.
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Nucleotide
The smallest building unit of a DNA strand.
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Sugar
One of the three parts of a nucleotide.
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Phosphate
One of the three parts of a nucleotide.
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Nitrogenous base
The part of a nucleotide represented by A, T, C, or G.
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Adenine (A)
The base that pairs with T.
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Thymine (T)
The base that pairs with A.
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Cytosine (C)
The base that pairs with G.
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Guanine (G)
The base that pairs with C.
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Base pair
Two bases joined across DNA strands.
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Gene
A section of DNA linked to a particular function or trait.
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Chromosome
An organized package of DNA and proteins.
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Nuclear DNA
The genetic material located inside the nucleus.
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Mitochondrial DNA
The genetic material located in cell structures outside the nucleus.
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Biological evidence
Material collected from a living organism.
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Circumstantial evidence
Evidence that supports a conclusion indirectly.
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Individual evidence
Evidence that can be associated with one specific source.
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DNA profiling
The process of examining selected regions of genetic material.
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DNA profile
The result used to compare genetic samples.
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Polymorphism
A variation in a genetic sequence.
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RFLP
A method that compares the lengths of cut DNA pieces.
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STR
A short genetic pattern that repeats.
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Heterozygous
Two different versions of a marker at one location.
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Homozygous
Two matching versions of a marker at one location.
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Hypervariable regions
Areas of genetic material with many differences between people.
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Non-coding region
An area that does not directly provide instructions for making a protein.
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PCR
A process used to produce many copies of a selected DNA region.
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Denaturation
The first main stage of PCR.
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Annealing
The second main stage of PCR.
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Extension
The third main stage of PCR.
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DNA polymerase
The enzyme that builds a new DNA strand.
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Primers
Short DNA pieces needed to begin copying a selected region.
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DNA extraction
The process of obtaining genetic material from cells.
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Buccal swab
A collection tool used inside the mouth.
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Touch DNA
Genetic material transferred through contact.
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Differential extraction
A method for separating different cell types in a sample.
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Restriction enzyme
A protein that recognizes and cuts particular DNA sequences.
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Recognition site
The specific sequence recognized by a cutting enzyme.
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Palindromic sequence
A DNA pattern that reads the same in the 5′ to 3′ direction on both complementary strands.
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Sticky ends
Cut DNA ends with short overhanging sections.
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Blunt ends
Cut DNA ends with no overhangs.
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Restriction fragment
A piece produced when a DNA molecule is cut.
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DNA fragments
Separate pieces of a DNA molecule.
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DNA ladder
A reference used to estimate the lengths of DNA pieces.
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Allelic ladder
A reference used to identify versions of STR markers.
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Base pairs (bp)
The units used to measure DNA fragment length.
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Gel electrophoresis
A laboratory method that separates DNA pieces using electricity.
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DNA charge
The electrical charge carried by DNA.
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Small DNA fragments
These usually move farther through a gel.
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Large DNA fragments
These usually move less far through a gel.
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PCR steps
The three stages used to copy a selected DNA region.
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RFLP vs. STR
One compares fragment lengths; the other examines repeat patterns.
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DNA base pairing
The pairing rules followed by the four DNA bases.
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Linear DNA fragment rule
For a linear molecule, fragments equal cuts plus one.
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DNA in crime investigations
Genetic comparisons can help connect samples to possible sources.
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DNA in paternity testing
A comparison used to examine biological parentage.
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DNA fingerprinting
Using genetic patterns to help distinguish individuals.
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Three common types of DNA evidence
Three common biological sources examined in forensic cases.
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Restriction enzyme discovery
These enzymes were identified through research involving bacteria and viruses.
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Restriction enzyme naming
The naming system is based on the organism from which an enzyme was isolated.
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Estimating DNA fragment size
Compare a band’s position with a reference of known lengths.
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Why DNA profiles differ
Genetic variation creates differences between most people’s profiles.
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Forensic uses of DNA
Applications include investigations, identification, and relationship testing.
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DNA limitations
Problems that can affect the reliability or interpretation of results.
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Contamination
Unwanted material accidentally introduced into a sample.
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Degraded DNA
Genetic material that has broken down.
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Mixed DNA sample
A sample containing genetic material from multiple people.
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DNA transfer
The movement of genetic material between people or surfaces.
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DNA evidence limitation
A genetic match alone cannot explain when or why material was deposited.