bones fv_2

Combining forms meaning bone

ost/o, oss/i, oste/o, ost/o

Combining form meaning spinal cord or bone marrow

myel/o

Combining form meaning cartilage

chondr/o

Combining form meaning joint

arthr/o

Combining form meaning ligament

ligament/o

Combining forms meaning synovial membrane or synovial fluid

synovi/o, synov/o

Combining form meaning bursa

burs/o

Combining form meaning crooked, bent, or stiff

ankyl/o

Combining forms meaning cartilage

chondr/i, chondr/o

Combining form meaning rib

cost/o

Combining form meaning skull

crani/o

Suffix meaning to bind or tie together

-desis

Combining form meaning bent or hump

kyph/o

Combining form meaning curve, swayback, or bent

lord/o

Suffix meaning loosening or setting free

-lysis

Combining form meaning spinal cord, bone marrow

myel/o

Combining forms meaning bone

oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o

Combining form meaning curved or bent

scoli/o

Combining form meaning vertebrae, vertebral column, or backbone

spondyl/o

What structures make up the skeletal system?

Bones, bone marrow, cartilage, joints, ligaments, synovial membranes, synovial fluid, and bursae.

Primary function of bones

Act as the framework for the body, protect internal organs, and store calcium.

Primary function of bone marrow

Red bone marrow helps form red blood cells; yellow bone marrow stores fat.

Primary function of cartilage

Creates a smooth surface for motion within the joints and protects the ends of the bones.

Primary function of joints

Work with the muscles to make a variety of motions possible.

Primary function of ligaments

Connect one bone to another.

Primary function of the synovial membrane

Forms the lining of synovial joints and secretes synovial fluid.

Primary function of synovial fluid

Lubricant that makes smooth joint movements possible.

Primary function of a bursa

Cushions areas subject to friction during movement.

Process in which a newborn skeleton turns into bone

Ossification

When does the newborn skeleton begin turning into bone?

After three months

How long does ossification continue?

Through adolescence

Cells that break down old or damaged bone

Osteoclasts

Cells that help rebuild bone

Osteoblasts

What does new bone formation continue after growth is completed?

Even after growth is completed, new bone formation continues.

What does ossification repair during normal activity?

Minor damage to the skeletal system

What injuries can ossification help repair?

Injuries such as fractures

Tissue that is the second hardest tissue in the human body

Bone

Tissue harder than bone

Dental enamel

What capabilities does bone tissue have despite being dense and rigid?

Growth, healing, and reshaping

Tough fibrous tissue forming the outermost covering of bone

Periosteum

Meaning of peri- in periosteum

Surrounding

Meaning of ost in periosteum

Bone

Meaning of -um in periosteum

Noun ending

Dense, hard, very strong bone forming the protective outer layer

Compact bone

Another name for compact bone

Cortical bone

Percentage of the body's bone matter that compact bone accounts for by weight

More than 75%

Porous bone that is lighter and weaker than compact bone

Spongy bone

Another name for spongy bone

Cancellous bone

Where is red bone marrow often located?

Within spongy bone

Where is spongy bone commonly found?

The ends and inner portions of long bones, pelvic bones, ribs, and vertebrae

What happens to bones with a large percentage of spongy bone?

They are weaker and more susceptible to fractures.

Central cavity in the shaft of a long bone

Medullary cavity

What surrounds the medullary cavity?

Compact bone

What is stored in the medullary cavity?

Red and yellow bone marrow

Meaning of medullary

Pertaining to the inner section

Tissue lining the medullary cavity

Endosteum

Meaning of end- in endosteum

Within

Meaning of oste in endosteum

Bone

Meaning of -um in endosteum

Noun ending

Type of tissue found in red bone marrow

Hemopoietic tissue

What does red bone marrow manufacture?

Red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes

Pertaining to formation of blood cells

Hemopoietic

Alternate spelling of hemopoietic

Hematopoietic

Meaning of hem/o

Blood

Meaning of -poietic

Pertaining to formation

Function of yellow bone marrow

Fat storage area

What is yellow bone marrow composed chiefly of?

Fat cells

Where is yellow bone marrow located?

In the medullary cavity of long bones

What happens to about half of the bone marrow after early adolescence?

It is gradually replaced by yellow bone marrow.

Smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue acting as a shock absorber

Cartilage

How does cartilage compare with bone in elasticity?

Cartilage is more elastic than bone.

Two flexible parts of the skeleton made of cartilage

Outer ear and tip of the nose

Cartilage covering the surfaces where bones articulate

Articular cartilage

What does articular cartilage make possible?

Smooth joint movement

What does articular cartilage protect bones from?

Rubbing against each other

Curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints

Meniscus

Two joints specifically mentioned as containing menisci

Knee and temporomandibular joint

Shaft of a long bone

Diaphysis

Wider ends of long bones

Epiphyses

Singular form of epiphyses

Epiphysis

What covers each epiphysis?

Articular cartilage

End of a bone nearest the body's midline

Proximal epiphysis

End of a bone farthest away from the body's midline

Distal epiphysis

Opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass

Foramen

Plural form of foramen

Foramina

Opening through which the spinal cord passes in the occipital bone

Foramen magnum

Normal projection on the surface of a bone, commonly serving as a muscle or tendon attachment

Process

Bony projection on the temporal bones just behind the ears

Mastoid process

Place of union between two or more bones

Joints

Another name for joints

Articulations

How are joints classified?

According to their construction or based on the degree of movement they allow.

Joints consisting of inflexible layers of connective tissue that hold bones tightly together

Fibrous joints

Another name for fibrous joints in adults

Sutures

Movement allowed by adult fibrous joints

No movement

What happens to some fibrous joints in newborns and very young children?

They are flexible before they have solidified.

Flexible soft spots normally present on a newborn's skull

Fontanelles

Another name for fontanelles

Soft spots

How do fontanelles facilitate birth?

They facilitate passage of the infant through the birth canal.

What do fontanelles allow during the first year?

Growth of the skull

What happens to fontanelles as the child matures?

They gradually harden as the sutures close.