Ap bio real unit 3 test

In the pathway shown, enzyme 2 converts product 1 into product 2. If enzyme 2 is missing, what can be supplied so the cell can still make product 4?

Product 2

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain during aerobic respiration?

Oxygen (O₂)

Where is most ATP synthesized in animal cells during aerobic respiration?

Mitochondria

Which summary reaction occurs in the cytoplasm?

Glucose → 2 pyruvate molecules

Under anaerobic conditions, yeast breaks down glucose into which fermentation products?

Ethanol and carbon dioxide

Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells?

Cytoplasm

Which measurement is NOT a reliable way to determine how much cellular respiration an organism is doing?

Measuring the amount of respiratory enzymes in a cell

Which molecules deliver electrons to the electron transport chain during cellular respiration?

NADH and FADH₂

Which stage of respiration uses a different mechanism from substrate-level phosphorylation?

Electron transport

Which two terms describe the breakdown of glucose and release of energy during cellular respiration?

Catabolic and exergonic

Which stage produces most of the NADH used in the electron transport chain per glucose molecule?

Krebs cycle

Which components are needed for chemiosmotic ATP production during aerobic respiration?

ATP synthase, a proton gradient, and electron transport proteins

Which change does the test identify as increasing the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

Increasing the concentration of the enzyme

In the enzyme diagram, which label points to the substrate?

A

In the enzyme diagram, which label points to the active site?

B

The enzyme diagram shows H₂O entering as one substrate splits into two products. What reaction is this?

Hydrolysis

Which activities would be adversely affected if mitochondria were missing from a cell?

The sodium-potassium pump, active transport, and cellular respiration

What is the most common energy-carrying molecule in living organisms?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Where are most Krebs cycle enzymes located in eukaryotic cells?

Mitochondrial matrix

Which two molecules must be invested at the beginning of glycolysis?

Two ATP molecules

Which substance does this 2013 test associate with muscle fatigue during strenuous exercise?

Lactic acid

Which process converts pyruvate to ethanol, and which electron carrier does it regenerate?

Anaerobic fermentation; NAD⁺

Where does the electron transport machinery that couples NADH oxidation to ATP production operate?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Which statement about fermentation is true?

Cytoplasm

How does the electron transport chain move hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

Active transport

What happens to total ATP production if the inner mitochondrial membrane becomes freely permeable to protons?

Less ATP production

Which molecule must fermentation regenerate so glycolysis can continue?

NAD⁺

Where is ATP synthase located during aerobic respiration in a eukaryotic cell?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

At which stage of cellular respiration does oxidative phosphorylation of ADP occur?

Electron transport and chemiosmosis

In the diagram, G3P becomes BPG while NAD⁺ becomes NADH. Which molecule is oxidized?

G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)

What molecule forms when an acetyl group joins oxaloacetate at the start of the Krebs cycle?

Citric acid (citrate)

Why is oxygen essential for aerobic respiration, and what happens when oxygen is insufficient?

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. Insufficient oxygen reduces oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production. Fermentation regenerates NAD⁺ so glycolysis can continue producing two net ATP per glucose.