Social Psych Test 2

Attribution theory

study of how we infer causes from other’s behavior

Attributions

Happens because we want to understand environment of situation and we feel good about knowing what to expect

Naive/common sense psychology

By Heider and says that people are novice psychologists trying to piece information together

Internal attribution

Person acts certain way because of character/personality

External attribution

Person acts certain way because of situation and assume most would respond the same way in that situation

internal, external

People in happier marriage do _______ attributions for the good things and _________ attributions for bad, and unhappy marriages vice versa

Co-variation model

To make theory about attribution note presence of when behavior occurred, possible situational factors for causing it, patterns in behavior, and is by Kelley

Consensus, distinctiveness, consistency

What are the 3 main information types used in the covariation model

Consensus information

Have other people responded to same stimulus/situation

if high means that it was probably situational/external factors

Distinctiveness information

How person responses to other stimuli

If this is high then it means that it is likely the situation making the person act this way

Consistency information

Frequency that observed behavior with same person and stimulus occur across different times and circumstances

If low than assume was from a fluke and don’t make attribution

Internal

If consensus and distinctiveness are low and consistency is high than we are more likely to make an ________ attribution

External

If consensus and distinctiveness are high, then we are more likely to make an _______ attribution

Fundamental attribution error

People’s tendency to assume behavior is mainly form personality

Usually focused on person and not situation and situation usually invisible for us

Fundamental Attribution Error

The James and harris study where regardless of if student were assigned or chose position, still thought that it was what student actually believed was a study highlighting what

Perceptual salience

Give more attributional weight to things that are focus of attention

Person that people could see better was often viewed as having more impact on conversation

2 step attribution process

By Gilbert and stated that analyze behavior with automatic internal attribution, then think of possible reasons why could act that way (Characterization then correction)

Don’t always get to the second step

They are more predictive

Why do we prefer to make internal attributions

Internal, evironmental-behavior

According to Kelley make _______ with less data and when we have more data, attribution type is based on _________ consistency

Self concept

Overall set of beliefs have about our personal attributes

Common way to study is to act people who they are

Introspection

Looking inward and examining our thoughts and feelings and motives

Self perception theory

attitude, feelings or other parts of self concept are uncertain but want knowledge so infer states by observing own behavior and situation

substantial, temporary

Fiazo et al published study that said that people if prompted to answer questions geared to introversion vs. extroversion, then prompt will have a ____ but ____ effect on if will identify as introvert or extrovert on study

Intrinsic motivation

Doing thing for enjoyment not external reward

Extrinsic motivation

Doing thing to gain reward or avoid punishment

Overjustification effect

See behavior as driven by extrinsic motivations mainly and tend to underestimate intrinsic motivation

Self serving attributions

Make certain attributions when self esteem is threatened

In west tend to take credit for successes and blame external factors when fail

Especially likely when fail at thing hard to improve on, but if we can believe that we can improve then it will likely be more internal

Belief in just world

Thought that bad things only happen to bad people

Let us think that bad things won’t happen to them or loved ones

Is a defensive attribution and can lead to victim blaming

Westerners, easterners

Masuda et al showed that _______ looked at central figure more and ______ spent more time looking at faces of others and central figure

westerners, asains

Heden et al showed with fMRI that _____ needed more attention to look at background and ____ needed more attention to ignore background

Dispositional, situational

People in the west preferred ________ attributions and people in the east preferred _____ attributions

Less, flexible

Miller found that children had _____ distinguishable differences between culture and had _____ thinking style

prime

Yi-Ying Hong showed that can _____ bicultural people with images

less

In asia self serving bias tends to be ______

Wealth and poverty

Just world attributions tend to be more common in countries with extreme ____ and ____

Personality, social

West are more likely to think like _____ psychologists and east like ____ psychologists

Morality

______ is central to self concept perception

Independent view of self

Defining one’s self with one’s internal thoughts feelings and emotions and is common in the west

Interdependent view of self

Define self by relationships with other people and is common in the east

Also more common in people from older states than younger states as seen by rates of name uniqueness

Self knowledge

Way to understand who we are and formulate and organize info

Self control

How to make plans and execute decisions

Impression management

How person presents themselves to others and gets people to perceive them certain ways

Self awareness theory

Focus on self to internal standards and values and compare current behavior

If internal standards don’t match then change if we think we can but if we think we can’t feel uncomfortable and try to flee

Causal feelings

Personal theory about what causes own feelings and behavior and usually learned about form culture but not always accurate

Fixed mindset

Abilities are set, stable, and inherent and can be motivating if person thinks have high threshold but discouraging if think that don’t currently have the ability

Growth mindset

Abilities are malleable and can always grow and always looking for way to do better

Can identify way to pursue but may not want to pursue it depending on time and costs

Misattribution of arousal

People’s influence about orgin of emotion is faulty

People make mistaken inferences on what causes them to feel the way they do

Social comparison

COuld understand emotions baed off other people

Lateral social comparison

People want accurate evaluation of self so like at other people that are similar to them

Upward social comparison

Motivated to improve by having others as attainable standards of excellence

When standard unattainable, can motivate others to give up because don’t think they are good enough

Downward social comparison

Want to feel better about selves so compare to someone worse can also compare to past selves

low, worse

Pyszezynsky et all did faux survey on social sensitivity and found that group most likely to engage in downward social comparison was group with ____ score and did ____ than everyone else

Self handicapping

Create obstacles/excuses that allows person to blame thing other than self concept when they fail

Deschapelles coup

Handicap self so if win are extra cool, but if lost than could say just gave too much of a handicap

Decrease

Berglas and jones found if did logical vs. impossible problems, and first round tell everyone they did great

If given chance to take drug to increase performance or decrease performance, most people in impossible group will pick to ____ performance

2 factor theory of emotion

By schachter and observe internal behavior then try to explain it appropriately

External

Shacter and singer gave ½ participants epinephrine and ½ placebo and when read inflammatory questions showed that ____ factors such as other person and reported effects of drug had effect

Positive reinforcement

Giving award each time behavior occurs will increase frequency of behavior

Overjustification effect

people over estimate amount their behavior was from external motivators

Task contingent rewards

People rewarded for doing task regardless of quality of performance

Performance contingent reward

Reward depends on how well person does task

Growth

Yeager did study about mindsets that found that students improved with ____ mindset

Self control

Ability to sbdue immediate desires for long term goals

Implementation of intentions

Before situation that need self control make plans about when about when, where, and how will fulfill goal by avoiding temptations

Will power

Those who believe _____ is unlimited will better avoid being depleted

Impression management

Attempt by others to get people to see them how they want to be seen

Ingratiation

Using flattery.praise to make self likeable to person with higher status

Behavioral Self handicapping

Ways people do things to reduce performance and is more common in men

Reported self handicap

Have excuses ready to go for something (whether they are true or not) and tell others about them rather than actually doing handicapping activity

Attitudes

Evaluative judgement of people, things, or concepts

Cognitively based attitudes

Attitudes that are based on thoguhts/beliefs

Affectively based attitudes

Attitudes based on one’s values/ambitions

Behaviorally based attitudes

Attitudes based on past behaviors or behavioral intention

Explicit attitude

Are aware of attitudes and can report them even if have to think about them

Implicit attitudes

Attitude that are unaware of and may be from memories that don’t remember

Implicit, explicit

Rudman et al found hat when it came to attitudes about weight ______ attitudes related to weight from childhood and ____ attitudes related to weight currently

Theory of planned behavior

When people have time to contemplate, best predictor of behavior is intention

Attitudes

______ will predict spontaneous behavior if accessible

Attitude accessibility

Strength of association between attitude of object and personal evaluation of object and is measured by speed that person can report how they feel about topic

high

If attitude accessibility is _____ then when think about object attitude will immediately come to mind

Direct experience

More ____ _____ people have with object, more accessible attitude will be

Attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control

What 3 things determine behavioral intention

Subjective norms

How much we care how others would feel about our behavior

Perceived behavioral control

Intentions influenced by ease can do behavior, easier it is to d behavior, stronger the intention

Persuasive communication

Message supporting certain side of issue and is good for large group of people

Cognitive dissonance, internal justification

______ paired with ______ can be used to get person to agree with other side when give speech against their current position

Yale attitude change approach

Conditions that people are most likely to change their message based on audience, speaker, and message content

Credible and attractive

What speaker attributes will be more persuasive according to the yale attitude change approach

Sleeper effect

Remember message longer than message information, so low credibility messages may be more effective in long run

Appears not designed to influence and 2 sided communication

What 2 factors for nature of communication will be more persuasive according to the yale attitude change model

Primary effect

1st speech usually is more persuasive, but if have delay between speeches people make up mind after 2nd speech

Recency effect

Whne delay better to give speech last so can be more persuasive

Distracted, young, low IQ, and moderate self esteem

What 4 audience factors would make them more likely to be persuaded

Personal, internal, contextually appropriate

Western culture are more persuaded by _______ _____ methods and east more by _____ _____ behavior

Elaboration likelihood model

Persuasive communication can cause attitude change externally or peripherally, and explains which way people are more likely to be influenced

Central route to persuasion

If audience has ability and motivation to elaborate on persuasive communication of argument will be more persuaded by logic of argument and this method

Peripheral route to persuasion

People who are less motivated to pay attention to facts and focus more on surface aspects of conversation will likely be persuaded more by this method

Fear arousing communication

Using fear to change people’s actions

Heuristic systematic model of persuasion

Persuasive communication by causing change systematically and looking at argument with use merits of argument or mental shortcuts or heuristics periphrially

Bad, good

____ mood sharpens skepticism and ____ mood makes more susceptible