Corrections Exam #2

Problem-solving Court

A specialized court that addresses underlying causes of criminal behavior through treatment, supervision, and judicial monitoring.

Goal of Problem-solving Courts

To reduce recidivism by addressing issues such as substance abuse, mental illness, and family problems.

Drug Court

A court that combines treatment, supervision, and accountability for individuals with substance use disorders.

Benefits of Drug Courts

Reduced recidivism, lower correctional costs, and improved recovery outcomes.

Mental Health Court

A specialized court that diverts individuals with mental illnesses into treatment programs rather than traditional incarceration.

Veterans Court

A problem-solving court that addresses offenses committed by military veterans while connecting them to treatment and support services.

Domestic Violence Court

A specialized court focused on cases involving domestic violence and victim protection.

Probation

A court-ordered sanction that allows offenders to remain in the community under supervision instead of incarceration.

Father of Probation

John Augustus.

John Augustus's Contribution

Pioneered supervised community release and rehabilitation efforts for offenders.

Presentence Investigation Report (PSI)

A report that provides information about an offender's background to assist judges in sentencing decisions.

Information Included in a PSI

Criminal history, personal background, employment, education, family history, and sentencing recommendations.

Community Corrections

Programs and sanctions that supervise offenders in the community rather than in prisons or jails.

Examples of Community Corrections

Probation, parole, halfway houses, and electronic monitoring.

Recidivism

The tendency of an offender to reoffend after being sanctioned or released.

Evidence-Based Practice in Corrections

The use of research-supported strategies to reduce recidivism and improve offender outcomes.

Risk Assessment Tool

An instrument used to predict an offender's likelihood of reoffending and determine supervision needs.

Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) Model

A correctional approach that matches supervision and treatment to an offender's risk level, needs, and learning style.

Parole

The supervised release of an offender from prison before completion of the full sentence.

Purpose of Parole

To facilitate offender reintegration into society while maintaining supervision.

Prisonization

The process by which inmates adopt the customs, values, and culture of prison life.

Developer of Prisonization

Donald Clemmer.

Deprivation Model

The theory that inmate behavior develops as a response to the harsh conditions and losses associated with imprisonment.

Importation Model

The theory that inmates bring preexisting values, attitudes, and behaviors into prison.

Total Institution

An organization where all aspects of individuals' lives are controlled in a single setting.

Developer of Total Institution

Erving Goffman.

Why Prisons Are Total Institutions

Inmates live, work, and interact under one authority according to strict rules.

Inmate Socialization

The process through which inmates learn and adapt to prison norms and expectations.

Inmate Code

Informal rules and values that guide inmate behavior within prison.

Correctional Officer

A professional responsible for maintaining security, order, and safety within correctional facilities.

Primary Responsibilities of Correctional Officers

Security, supervision, rule enforcement, and inmate management.

Role Conflict for Correctional Officers

The tension between enforcing rules and helping rehabilitate inmates.

Correctional Officer Burnout

Physical, emotional, and mental exhaustion caused by prolonged job stress.

Causes of Correctional Officer Stress

Dangerous environments, understaffing, long hours, and inmate manipulation.

Professional Boundaries in Corrections

Limits that prevent inappropriate relationships between staff and inmates.

Importance of Professional Boundaries

They maintain security, professionalism, and institutional integrity.

Adaptive Prison Role

A strategy inmates use to cope with prison life and confinement.

Prison Gangs

Organized inmate groups that exert influence and control within correctional facilities.

Effects of Prison Gangs

Increased violence, contraband activity, and security concerns.

Prison Overcrowding

A condition in which inmate populations exceed facility capacity.

Problems Caused by Overcrowding

Increased violence, staff stress, reduced programming, and poor living conditions.

Rehabilitation

Efforts designed to change offender behavior and reduce future crime.

Incapacitation

A punishment philosophy that prevents crime by physically restricting offenders.

Deterrence

A punishment philosophy that seeks to discourage criminal behavior through fear of punishment.

Retribution

A punishment philosophy based on the idea that offenders deserve punishment proportional to their crimes.

Restorative Justice

An approach that focuses on repairing harm caused by crime through offender accountability and victim involvement.

Goals of Restorative Justice

Repairing harm, promoting accountability, and restoring relationships.

Reintegration

The process of helping offenders successfully return to the community after incarceration.

Importance of Reintegration

It reduces recidivism and promotes successful community adjustment.

Electronic Monitoring

The use of technology to track offenders while they remain in the community.