stages of learning, feedback and guidance

define intrinsic feedback

 a type of continuous feedback that comes from proprioceptors – nerve receptors found in muscles, ligaments and joints that pick up movement information.

define extrinsic feedback

 feedback that comes from external sources – for example, from a teacher or a coach.

define positive feedback

reinforces skill learning and gives information about a successful outcome.

define negative feedback

information about unsuccessful outcome, which can be used to build more successful strategies.

define knowledge of results

a type of terminal feedback that gives the performer information about the end result of the response.

define knowledge of performance

 information about how well the movement is being executed, rather than the end result.

Positives of intrinsic feedback and positive example

• Quick

• Usually done straight after action (during a game)

• Good for elite athletes as they know by the kinaesthetic feel if they have done the skill correctly

• e.g. A netball player shoots and knows the shot isn't going to go in due to how they flicked their wrist and released the ball

negatives of intrinsic feedback and a negative example

• Performer may not have the right mental state and so may be over critical of performance (inaccurate perception)

• Some performers may be able to feel and interpret the movements better than others

• e.g. A netball player may give a bad pass and not know that they have as they haven't developed the kinaesthetic feel for a good pass yet.

positives of extrinsic feedback and positive example

• A coach can give constructive feedback of things you may not have noticed, leading to improvement - as long as the information is accurate and relevant

• e.g.A coach tells a netball shooter to bend their legs more when they shoot and so they get more goals in

negatives of extrinsic feedback and negative examples

• Inaccurate feedback can affect performance negatively and may result in negative transfer

• It can also cause players motivation to drop

• e.g. A coach tells a player to keep straight legs when shooting which results in getting less shots in which then leads to demotivation

positives of positive feedback and positive example

• Can lead to positive reinforcement and so strengthens the correct S-R bond

• Can be very motivating, especially for cognitive stage learners

• Build self-esteem and confidence

• e.g. A coach praises a goal defence for a good interception so they do those type of interceptions more

negatives of positive feedback and negative example

• If undeserved the performer may build inappropriate S-R bonds and so performance may deteriorate  

• Some performers may not respond well to praise and so may ignore the feedback, hindering performance and learning  

• e.g. a coach praises a player for contacting another in netball and so they do it more and they get more warnings and sent off more  

positives of negative feedback and positive example

• Some players are motivated by negative feedback and become more determined  

• It makes it clear to the performer of all the stuff they need to improve on 

• Most suited to autonomous players who require further refinement of their skills  

• e.g. A coach critiques how a netball player holds so they will change it so it becomes stronger and harder to intercept   

negatives of negative feedback and negative example

• Can be demotivating to the performer especially if cognitive stage of learning or don’t take criticism well  

• May be detrimental to the learning process if the feedback is inaccurate  

• A netball coach over critiques a beginner when they miss a shot, demotivating them  

positives of knowledge of results and positive example

• It is definite how it went - won or lost  

• Good for setting targets - like I want to come in the top 3 etc.  

• If it is good it can help build confidence  

• A netball player may win a match by over half helping them build confidence  

negatives of knowledge of results and negative example

• Easy to become demotivated if the performer doesn't win or meet target  

• Easy to become fixated on end result rather than individual performance and so performance may deteriorate  

• A netball player may lose even though they played well and may feel demotivated even though they played well  

positives of knowledge of performance and positive example

• Helps the performer focus on individual skills  

• Easier to improve specific skills  

• A netball player successfully getting a long shot in. 

negatives of knowledge of performance and negative example

• Performance may not be representative of final result  

• Performer may have an inaccurate perception of their skill/performance which may lead to demotivation  

• A netball player may think they did bad dodge because they are harsh on themselves and so they think they played bad leading to demotivation 

why is giving effective feedback important?

Giving effective feedback is important to help the individual accept it and be able to use it to improve their performance and overall success. 

For feedback to be effective, what 5 elements are needed?

• type of feedback considered 

• a limited amount of information  

• immediacy  

• has the meaning for the individual  

• facilitates intrinsic feedback  

define performance

•  a temporary measurement which can alter from time to time.

• It differs from the term learning in that learning is relatively more permanent.

define grooved

 a skill that is over learnt.

what are the 3 phases of learning?

• cognitive

• associative

• autonomous

what is the cognitive stage like? (and example)

• 1^st stage.

• Lots of trial and error, meaning lots of mistakes.

• Movement is jerky and inconsistent, lack of fluency and needs extrinsic input as lack of kinesthesis.

• Practical example: a beginner netball may miss more shots then she would score as she doesn't know how to do it.

what is the associative stage like? (and example)

• 2^nd stage.

• Reduction in mistakes in trial and error.

• Movement is becoming more fluent and consistent.

• Performer is developing kinesthesis.

• Tends to be the longest phase of learning and some will never leave it.

• Practical example: there is less mistakes when the netballer takes shots and the movement is more fluent.

what is the autonomous stage like? (and example)

• 3^rd stage.

• Movement is fluent, accurate and habitual (don’t have to think about it and perform it in a range of environments).

• Little to no conscious thought about the movement, instead attention can be given to tactics and adaptions.

• Performer does not have to be professional.

• Practical example: the netballer has very accurate shooting and doesn't have to think about it but can instead also think about other adaptions like standing on one foot.

what might a coach use to help get between stages of learning?

• Positive feedback or reinforcement.

• Allowing lots of time to practice.

• Helping performer to understand what went wrong by identifying aspects of the performance that they need to improve and helping them to be able feel this themselves (intrinsic feedback).

• Giving lots of verbal guidance to highlight key parts of the skill.

• Physically supporting them through the skill to reduce the aspects of fear

what are the 4 types of guidance?

• verbal

• visual

• manual

• mechanical

define verbal (and example)

• Telling a performer how to perform a skill.

• e.g. Telling a performer how to do a dodge or giving technical advice.

 

define visual (and example)

• Showing/demonstrating a performer how to perform a skill

• e.g. a coach demonstrating a cartwheel

define manual (and example)

• Using physical support from another person such as a coach

• e.g. dance teacher moves student into the correct position

define mechanical (and example)

• Using aids or equipment to perform a skill

• e.g. Using a harness when learning to front flip on a trampoline

Advantages of verbal guidance

• More effective for autonomous / associative learners

• Questioning techniques can lead to effective learning

• Can be motivational + give confidence

• Improves understanding of skill

• Quick

disadvantages of verbal guidance

• Inaccurate guidance can lead to incorrect performance

• Information overload for beginners = overwhelmed

• Can be boring + confusing

advantages of visual guidance

• Helps the performer create a mental image

• Coach can cue the performer in

• Encourages observational learning

• Gives a better understanding of the skill

• Is more effective if done by a role model

disadvantages of visual guidance

• The demonstration could be incorrect or aimed at the wrong level of performance

• It may be too quick for the performer to process

• Static images don’t show how the movement is produced

• Demonstration could be unclear to the performer

advantages of manual guidance

• Can reduce fear

• Can improve confidence and motivation

• Can give a clearer understanding of how to perform a skill

• Can be used to practice or isolate a particular part of the skill to improve

• Can promote kinesthesis

disadvantages of manual guidance

• Can lead to a false sense of kinesthesis or intrinsic feedback could be incorrect

• Performer can become too reliant on the support and not fully participate in performing the skill when practicing it which could reduce motivation

advantages of mechanical guidance

• Can reduce fear

• Can help the performer to carry out the skill in the beginning building confidence and motivation

• It can be used to isolate a particular part of the skill to practice or develop

• Can be useful on all levels

disadvantages of mechanical guidance

• Performer can become too reliant and not develop the ability to perform the skill independently

• Can lead to a false sense of kinesthesis

• Can restrict the performer so that they are not able to fully perform the skill.

what type of learners use visual guidance?

• cognitive

• associative

what type of learners use verbal guidance?

• associative

• autonomous

what type of learners use manual guidance?

• cognitive

what type of learners use mechanical guidance?

• cognitive

• associative