Chapter 2

Ionic Bond

A chemical bond formed by the transfer of valence electrons between atoms, resulting in the formation of charged ions.

Cation

An atom that loses electrons and acquires a positive charge.

Anion

An atom that gains electrons and acquires a negative charge.

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of two or more valence shell electrons between atoms.

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A type of covalent bond where electrons are shared equally, resulting in electrically balanced molecules.

Polar Covalent Bond

A type of covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally due to differences in electronegativity, resulting in partial charges.

Hydrogen Bond

A weak attraction between an electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule.

Isotope

Variations of elements that have differing numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons.

Chemical Reaction

A process involving the forming, rearranging, or breaking of chemical bonds, represented by chemical equations.

Synthesis Reaction

A type of chemical reaction where two or more substances combine to form a more complex molecule.

Decomposition Reaction

A type of chemical reaction where a compound is broken down into simpler compounds.

Mixture

A combination of two or more substances that are physically intermixed and can be separated by physical means.

Compound

A pure substance formed when two or more elements are chemically bonded together.

Biological Macromolecules

Large complex molecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins which play critical roles in biological systems.

Carbohydrates

Organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Proteins

Biological macromolecules made of amino acids, performing a variety of functions due to structural diversity.

Role of Water

Water serves critical biological functions due to its unique properties such as solvency, reactivity, and cushioning.