psych chapters 6 - 8

classical conditioning (non-declarative memory)

assiociation of two stimuli that tend to occur 2gether (allows for us to anticipate uncontrollable events)

operant conditioning

association of our behavior with a consequence (allows us to repeat rewarding acts/avoid punishable ones)

ivan pavlov

discovered classical conditioning (dog saliva + meat powder freak)

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers an emotional or physiological response

unconditioned response (UCR)

whatever the natural (unlearned) response to the UCS is

conditioned stimulus (CS)

a stimulus that triggers a response ONLY after association with an unconditioned stimulus

conditioned response (CR)

the learned response to the conditioned stimulus

generalization

stimuli similar to the CS that results similar CR (similar pitch —> dog drools thinking food is otw)

extinction

if the UCS doesnt follow the CS, the CR weakens

E.L thorndike’s law of effect

more likely to repeat behaviors that are followed by favorable consequences (same w punishable)

B.F skinner

research focussed on understaning the principles that govern operant conditioning

shaping

procedure by which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goal

continuous reinforcement

reward given every time a behavior occurs

intermittent reinforcement

reward is given sometimes after a behavior occurs

REM (rapid eye movement) sleep

rapid brain waves, eyes dart around, motor cortex is active, genitals aroused, dreams occur

REM (rapid eye movement) rebound

when a loss of sleep is made up for on later nights

manifest content (in dreams)

the storyline of a dream

latent content (in dreams)

the underlying meaning of a dream (symbols/what they mean)

activation-synthesis theory

dreams are the brains way of trying to make sense of random activity while we sleep

counter-conditioning

a way to unlearn responses. the goal is extinction (phobias, feared stimulus)

overjustification

give ppl $ to do things they like, then they might not like it anymore

observational learning

humans can observe others getting rewards/punishments instead of directly experiencing those things themselves

encoding

gets the information in

storage

holds onto information

retrieval

recalls info, then recognizes the info previously learned

rehearsal (in memory)

repetitively verbalizing or thinking abt information

short term memory

its a “mental scratchpad”, lasts about 20-30s,

primacy effect

first item is always easier to remember

recency effect

last time is sometimes easier to remember

semantic memory

facts and figures, lyrics (declarative)

episodic memory

memories of events and experiences (declarative)

recall test

retreiving information learned earlier

recognition test

recognition is identifying information previously learned

procedural memory

how to do things (non-declarative)

misinformation effect

when you incorporate misleading information into your memory of an event

representative heuristic

we judge the likelihood of something belonging to one category or another based on stereotype (think categorization)

availability heuristic

we estimate the likelihood of events based on tehir “availability” in our memory (think likelihood of events)

framing effects

the way material is presented can affect the kind of decisions we make (ppl are more likely to make risky choices when framed as a gain)