GEN SCI MID-EX 1

put my tite in your nose

PHYSICS

Branch of science that studies matter, energy, and their interactions

1. CLASSICAL PHYSICS

• Physics that was developed before the 20th century

• Describes the visible world

1. MODERN PHYSICS

• Body of physics knowledge that emerged from the 20th century up to the present

• Reveals the invisible

MECHANICS

study of causes of motion, forces, and the behavior of objects (bullet train design)

THERMODYNAMICS

study of heat, temperature, and how work is transferred (steam engines and refrigerators)

ACOUSTICS

study of mechanical waves, sound, its production, transmission, and effects (noise-cancelling headphones)

OPTICS

study of properties of light, its behavior, reflection, refraction, and lenses (telescope)

ELECTROMAGNETISM

study of how electricity, magnetism, and their relationship (magnetic separation)

ATOMIC PHYSICS

study of the structure and behavior of atoms (electron configuration)

NUCLEAR PHYSICS

study of the atomic nucleus and radioactivity

QUANTUM MECHANICS

study of matter and energy at very small scales (wave-particle duality)

RELATIVISTIC PHYSICS

study of space, time, motion, and gravity at very high speeds

TRANSLATIONAL MOTION

• movement of an object in the same direction over a distance

  
  
  

ROTATIONAL MOTION

• movement of an object around a fixed axis or point, with different parts travelling in circular paths

  
  
  

EFFICIENCY

measure of how well a machine converts input work into useful output work with minimal energy loss

FORCE

a push or pull that can cause or change motion

WORK

energy transferred when a force causes an object to move in the same direction as the applied force

MECHANICAL ADVANTAGE

ratio of the output force to the input force applied to a machine

INPUT WORK

energy applied to a machine by the user

OUTPUT WORK

useful energy produced by a machine to perform a task

HYDRAULIC SYSTEM

system that uses pressurized fluid to transmit force and perform work 

SIMPLE MACHINES

• Basic tools that help us do work by changing the force needed or its direction

• Makes tasks easier by multiplying force or allowing movement in a more efficient way

LEVERS

Rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point (fulcrum) to move a load

FULCRUM

• is a fixed point or support around which a lever rotates

PULLEY

• Uses wheels and ropes/cable to lift loads upward by pulling downward

INCLINED PLANES

• Slanted surface to raise or lower objects

WHEELS & AXLES

• Larger wheel attached to a smaller axle that rotates together

SCREWS

• Inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder that converts rotational to linear motion

WEDGES

• Two inclined planes joined together, used for cutting, splitting, or separating objects

COMPOUND MACHINES

• Combine two or more simple machines to perform more complex tasks efficiently

FLUIDS

• Any substance that can flow and take the shape of its container, either liquid or gas

PRESSURE (p)

•  is how much force is applied per unit area

DENSITY (ρ)

is the fundamental property equal to the mass per unit volume

FLUID PRESSURE

• is the force exerted by a fluid on the surface it touches

PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE

• The pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted equally throughout

ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE

• Any object submerged in a fluid experiences an upward force called the BUOYANT FORCE

• Buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid that the object displaces

BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE

• As the speed of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases and vice versa

• For a nonviscous fluid along a streamline, the sum of pressure energy, kinetic energy, and potential energy remains constant

TORRICELLI’S PRINCIPLE

The speed of the fluid escaping from a small opening depends on the height of the fluid above the opening

Hydraulics

fluid pressure that transmits force (Pascal

Buoyancy

• the upward thrust that balances the weight (Archimedes)