ANS-2140 exam 3

Immune and digestive system

Immunity

resistance to disease causing pathogens

pathogen

whole organism

antigen

elicits an immune response

Innate immune system parts

surface barriers and internal defenses

Parts of adaptive immune system

Humoral and Cellular cells

Surface barriers

physical barriers and protective chemicals

Physical barriers

prevent pathogens from getting in

protective chemicals

inhibit/destroy microorganisms

Internal defenses

second line of defense triggers inflammation

inflammtion

prevent spread of damaging agents, dispose of cellular debris and pathogens, and sets up for repair

symptoms of inflammation

Pain, redness, impairment, swelling, and heat

phagocytosis

ingesting and elimination of diease-causing agents

2 internal defense cell types

natural killer/granulocytes

natural killer/monocytes

targets cell that lack self receptors and detects cancer/virus infected cells

granulocytes

contains granules, vessels that release content to cause a bodily response

benefits of fever

liver and spleen sequester Fe and Zn, speeds up metabolic rate

fever response

occurs as macrophage secretes pyrogen

Adaptive immunity

protects against infectious agents, amplify inflammatory response, and activates complement pathways

how adaptive immune repsonse differs from innate

specific targeting, systemic response and has memory

2 cell types of adaptive immunity

humoral (B-cells) and Cellular (T-cells)

lymphocytes

immature cells originate in bone marrow

maturation of lymphocytes

immunocompetence and self-tolerance

Antibodies

inactivate and tag antigens

how antibodies inactivate antigens

precipitation, complement factor, agglutination, neutralization

humoral memory

second exposure has faster and more aggressive response

active humoral memory

from infection or vaccination

passive humoral memory

from mother or injection

cellular meditated immune response

provide defense agaisnt intracellular anitgens

major types of T-lymphocytes

helper, Cytotoxic, Regulatory, and memory

cytotoxic t-cell targets

virus-infected cells, cells with intracellular bacteria, cancer cells, and foreign cells

helper T-cells function

help activate B/T-cells, induce proliferation, activate macrophage and phagocytosis

class 1 MHC

found on ALL cells and designates self (labels)

class 2 MHC

found on some immune cells and displays antigens

digestive system function

motility, secretion, digestion, absoprtion, excretion, host defense

2 groups of organs

alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs

alimentary canal

tube, ‘outside’ environment, selective barrier, digestion/absorption

‘stomach’ for ruminent animals

abomasum

4 compartments of ruminants

rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

motility

muscular contractions that break up food, mix it with enzymes and move it along the system, increase surface area

mastication

mechanical digestion

saliva

aids in swallowing

composition of saliva

salivary amylase, lingual lipase, mucus, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, electrolytes

celaphalic phase

first phase of digestion, initiates gastric digestion

esophagus

brings feed from mouth to stomach

crop

feed storage, limited digestion, hunger signals

regulation of motility

peristalsis, controlled by enteric nervous system, hormones, and paracrine

goal of digestion

degrade large macromolecules into their building blocks

4 main macromolecules

nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

4 main building blocks

nucleotide, monosaccharide, glycerol and fatty acids, amino acids

gastric digestion

second phase, mechanical and chemical digestion

activation of gastric digestion

presence of food and distension

chemical digestion activates

lingual lipase, pepsin, denaturing of proteins, dissolving minerals, kill bacteria and pathogens

parietal cells

produce HCl and intrinsic factor

Chief cells

produce pepsinogen and pepsin (active form)

zymogen

inactive enzyme, protects cell

enteroendocrine cells

produce hormones, gastrin

mucous neck cells

buffer zone, bicarbonate/mucin imbetween surface and pit

duodenum

receives stomach contents, neutralizes stomach acids, emulsifies fats, pepsin/lingual lipase inactive, absorption of divalent ions

goal of absorption

to move the building blocks acorss the mucosa into the blood where it can be carried to other parts of the body

jejunum and ileum

circular folds and villi help with digestion and absorption

brush border enzymes

at the surface/lumen to help with efficiency in absorption

large intestine

cecum, colon and rectum

colon

water and electrolyte reabsorption

fermentation

feed degraded, microtubules, waste products

microbes

interact with. feed and produce waste

volatile fatty acids

acetate, propionate, butyrate

acetate

produce ATP

propionate

produce glucose and galactose