Adulthood & Aging Exam 2

Physical changes interact with an individual’s identity

People’s feelings about themselves strongly reflect perceptions of their physical appearance and ability.

Largest organ in the body

Skin

Organ most vulnerable to age related changes

Skin

3 layers of skin

Epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous

Roles of 3 layers of skin

Epidermis-protects the underlying tissue.

Dermis- has the connective tissue among which reside nerve cells, glands, and hair follicles.

Subcutaneous- fat layer that gives the skin its opacity and smoothing the curves of the arms, legs, and face.

Aging changes in 3 layers of skin

Epidermis- thins and can lead to age spots. Moles and angiomas can also form.

Dermis- can lead to the skin becoming less pliable in body movement and wrinkling and sagging. The skin surface can become drier due to the sebaceous glands producing less oils.

Subcutaneous- start to thin which leads to less support. Blood vessels become more visible. Less insulation.

Edentulous

A person has lost all of their natural teeth

Percentage of Americans over age 65 experience edentulous

17%

2 preventative strategies to avoiding edentulous

Regular toothbrushing and flossing, not smoking

4 contextual factors contribute to untreated tooth decay

Non-Hispanic black, low-income, had less than a high school education, and currently smoking cigarettes.

Why does hair turn gray

Doesn’t actually turn gray but loses pigment when melanin slows down.

Androgenetic alopecia

Hair loss occurs according to a patter, and is classified differently for men and behavior

How might height change with age? Why?

Shorter as you get older. Due to loss of bone material in the vertebrae

BMI

Body mass index

3 environmental correlates of BMI

Living in a neighborhood with green spaces amenable to physical activity, healthy dining and grocery stores, and food insecurity.

BMIs changing globally in adults

On the rise

Lifestyle choices people can make to reduce BMI

Aerobic exercise, incorporating resistance training, and dietary changes to promote weight loss

Sarcopenia

A progressive age-related loss of muscle mass with a consequent loss of strength

Consequences of sarcopenia as people age

Increased risk of falling, limitations in mobility, and reduced quality of everyday life.

Primary way to maintain muscle mass as we age

Strength training with free weights or resistance

Advantages to strength training

Improvements in handgrip strength, lower body strength, and muscle mass

Are bones living tissue

Yes

Bone remodeling

The bone is constantly reconstructing itself

Osteopenia

Progressive loss of bone mineral content

Key factors in preventing osteopenia

Diet, resistance training, and nonsmoking

Factors that help prevent age-related losses associated with feet/mobility

Avoid weight gain, stretching and flexibility, and proper footwear

3 parts of cardiovascular system

Heart, arteries, and veins

Arteries

Circulate blood throughout the body away from the heart

Veins

Bring the blood back to the heart

Plaque

Fats circulating throughout the blood that accumulate to form hard deposits inside the arterial walls

High density lipoproteins

Good cholesterol, transport lipids out of the body

Low density lipoproteins

Bad cholesterol transport lipids out of the body

Activities can offset the effects of aging on cardiorespiratory fitness

Aerobic exercise and resistance training

Min number of recommended weekly minutes for moderate intensity activity

150 minutes

Min number of recommended weekly minutes for vigorous intensity

75 minutes

Min number of days per week that adults should engage in resistance training

2-3 days per week

DASH diet

Dietary approaches to stop hypertension. Diet consists of a balanced eating plan specifically intended to promote heart health.

4 organs that make up renal system

Kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra

Nephrons

Basic unit of structure and function in the kidneys. Millions of tiny filters that cleanse the blood.

Short term lifestyle choice benefits kidneys

Caloric restriction

How does caloric restriction benefit the kidneys

Lowering blood pressure and accumulation of harmful protein metabolites from the blood

Pelvic floor therapy

Treatment method where individuals learn to relax the muscles supporting the urinary and reproductive tracts. It can help treat control over urination and management of pain. Improves muscle tone and control.

2 things that accelerate lung aging

Use of tobacco and exposure to toxic agents in the environment

3 things that enhance lung health

Aerobic exercise, resistance training, and breathing exercises

Endocrine system

Regulates the actions of the body’s organ systems

Hormones

Chemical messengers. Reach target organs where they regulate their activity. Organs provide communication about how much hormones they need.

Age related changes in endocrine system

Endocrine gland may release more or less of a particular hormone. The targe organs may also respond differently to stimulation from the hormones.

Main control centers of endocrine system

The hypothalamus and anterior section of the pituitary gland

Growth hormones

Stimulate the growth of bones and muscles and regulate the growth of most internal organs. Affects the metabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates

Cortisol

Energizes the body

Thyroid hormones

Control the rate of metabolism

Melatonin

Controls the sleep-wake cycles

Climacteric

Gradual winding down of reproductive ability

Does climacteric impact men and women

Yes

Hormones primarily associated with menopause

Estrogen and progesterone

What causes hot flashes

Decrease in estrogen levels causes the endocrine system to release higher amounts of other hormones that affect the temperature control centers

3 reproductive tract changes experienced by women

Reduction in the supply of blood to the vagina and surrounding nerves and glands. Tissues become thinner, drier, and less able to produce secretions to lubricate before and during inter****e. S**ual functioning affected by negative societal attitudes toward menopause. Weaker bones and high blood pressure.

Who did the NAMS suggest could benefit from hormone therapy

Prior to the age 60 or less than 10 years after the onset of menopause

Andropause

Age-related declines in the male sex hormone testosterone

European menopause and andropause society recommend about testosterone replacement therapy for men

Used under the care of a medical professional and should be avoided in men with a risk of cardiovascular disease

Erectile dysfunction

A condition in which a man is unable to achieve an erection sustainable for intercourse

4 risk factors for erectile dysfunction

Cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, and muscle loss

3 lifestyle choices play a key role in reducing inflammation

Diet, exercise and stress

Plasticity model

Normal aging is not accompanied by steady losses in brain tissue across adulthood. Neurons retain the ability to grow in their connections through synapses with other neurons

Adds to our brain reserve resources

Redundancy in the brain, information stored in multiple locations and across numerous circuits.

3 things help build our cognitive reserves

Positive life course experiences, education, and exercise

Function of the autonomic nervous system

Controls the body’s involuntary, regulatory functions

Which 2 systems does ANS correlate with

Endocrine and CNS

Age related shift in sleep-wake cycles has been observed in older adults

Likely to arise early in the morning as you age. More susceptible to effects of jet lag.

Sleep apnea

A disorder in which the individual becomes temporarily unable to breathe while asleep.

Who is more at risk for sleep apnea

Older adults with chronic respiratory disease, heart disease, and diabetes.

Lifestyle factors were listed that impact sleep

Fast-food consumption, regularity of sleep schedules, amount of television watching, use of social media, and time spent online.

Dysthermia

Older adults are reported to be at greatest risk of dying from hyper- or hypothermia, Hyper and hypothermia together are dysthermia.

Presbyopia

Normal age related loss of ability of the lens to focus on objects that are close to the viewer.

Cataracts

A clouding or opacity in the lens

Technique for and prognosis for treating cataracts

Cataract surgery. Easier to treat now and surgery usually cures it.

Age-related macular degeneration

Damage to the photoreceptors located in the central region of the retina known as the macula.

Glaucoma

Group of conditions that lead to blindness due to destruction of the neurons leading from the retina to the optic nerve by increased pressure inside the eyeball

3 problems that can occur due to vision loss

Depression, risk in ability to adapt to the physical environment and easier to fall, and medication errors.

Presbycusis

Degenerative changes occur in the cochlea or auditory nerve leading from the cochlea to the brain

How can we minimize hearing loss

Reducing exposure to noise

5 strategies that can reduce risk of falls

Stand up slowly, use a cane or walker, get vision and hearing checked regularly, do strength and balance exercises, and using night lights and installing grab bars.

Potential age related change with smell and taste

Loosing sense of smell and taste

Potential age related change with touch

Loss of touch sensitivity

According to the WHO, what is health

A state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing

6 tasks does the activities of daily living measure

Bathing, ambulating, getting in and out of bed or chair, toileting, eating, and dressing. (BATTED)

What 5 tasks do instrumental activities of ADL measure

Preparing meals, managing money, shopping for groceries and personal items, performing housework, and using a telephone

4 primary categories of risk factors that have been shown to increase the likelihood of developing 4 major diseases

Excessive alcohol use, poor nutrition, lack of physical activity, and tobacco use. Lead to cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and chronic lung disease (only tobacco use)

4 global risk factors for developing chronic illness

Exposure to air pollution, kidney dysfunction, diets high in sodium, and lead exposure

5 sociocultural factors identified by the Social Determinants of Health that contribute to health outcomes

Economic stability, education access and quality, health care access and quality, neighborhood and built environment, and social and community context.

Social determinants of health

Conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes and risks.

3 individual factors contribute to health outcomes

Personality, cognitive abilities, and relationships

When does arteriosclerosis occur

Arteries become both narrowed and damaged due to accumulation of plaque

What happens as a result of someone having arteriosclerosis

Damage to an organ or tissue due to lack of blood supply

Hypertension

Chronic abnormally elevated blood pressure

Systolic and diastolic numbers associated with elevated blood pressure

140 systolic and 90 diastolic

Chronic elevation of blood pressure

Damages the arteries because the more pressure the blood exerts while passing through the arteries, the greater the strain on the arteries'‘ delicate walls.

Myocardial infarction

Acute condition in which the blood supply to part of the heart muscle is severely reduced or blocked

Congestive heart failure

Condition when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the needs of the body’s other organs

What do individuals with congestive heart failure have trouble doing

Cannot exert themselves without becoming exhausted and short of breath