Ecg master

E01 [P1] What is the ECG interpretation sequence?

RATE → RHYTHM → AXIS → P → PR → QRS → ST → T → QT

E02 [P1] How do you calculate heart rate?

Regular: 300 ÷ large squares between R waves | Irregular: QRS in 10 seconds × 6

E03 [P1] Normal sinus rhythm and intervals?

P before every QRS + regular rhythm + rate 60–100 | PR: 0.12–0.20 s | QRS: <0.12 s

E04 [P1] How to recognize ECG axis?

Lead I+/aVF+ = Normal | I+/aVF− = Possible left axis | I−/aVF+ = Right axis | Check lead II for borderline left axis

E05 [P1] Irregularly irregular rhythm without P waves?

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION | WHY: Chaotic atrial activity | ACTION: Rate/rhythm control + assess anticoagulation

E06 [P1] Sawtooth flutter waves on ECG?

ATRIAL FLUTTER | WHY: Atrial reentry | ACTION: Rate/rhythm control + assess anticoagulation

E07 [P1] Sudden regular narrow-complex tachycardia?

SVT | WHY: Usually reentry | ACTION: Stable → vagal then adenosine | Unstable → synchronized cardioversion

E08 [P1 ⚡] Wide-complex tachycardia or chaotic ventricular rhythm?

VT: Usually regular wide QRS | VF: Chaotic with no organized QRS | Pulseless → CPR + defibrillation

E09 [P1] How to distinguish the 4 AV blocks?

1°: PR >0.20 s | Mobitz I: PR lengthens then QRS drops | Mobitz II: Fixed PR then QRS drops | 3°: P and QRS independent

E10 [P1 ⚡] ST elevation in contiguous leads with ischemic symptoms?

STEMI pattern | WHY: Acute myocardial injury | ACTION: Activate urgent reperfusion pathway; do not wait for troponin

E11 [P1] Which ECG leads identify MI location?

Inferior: II III aVF | Septal: V1–V2 | Anterior: V3–V4 | Lateral: I aVL V5–V6

E12 [P1] ST depression or T-wave inversion during chest pain?

MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA | Consider NSTEMI/UA | TEST: Serial ECG + troponin | Remember: Normal ECG does not exclude ACS

E13 [P1] Diffuse ST elevation + PR depression?

ACUTE PERICARDITIS | WHY: Inflamed pericardium | CLUE: Positional chest pain | TREAT: NSAID + colchicine if suitable

E14 [P2] How to recognize RBBB vs LBBB?

Both: QRS ≥0.12 s | RBBB: RSR' in V1 + broad S in I/V6 | LBBB: Broad notched R in I/V6 + deep S in V1

E15 [P1] ECG changes in potassium abnormalities?

HYPERKALEMIA: Peaked T → widened QRS | HYPOKALEMIA: Flat T + prominent U waves

E16 [P1 ⚡] ECG shows unstable tachycardia or cardiac arrest → action?

Unstable tachycardia with pulse → synchronized cardioversion (except polymorphic VT) | VF/pulseless VT → defibrillate | PEA/asystole → CPR; no shock