Lab Practical 2 Pulse/Blood pressure and Respiratory system

What is systole

contraction

What is diastole

relaxation

What is the cardiac cycle

one complete heartbeat

What is bradycardia

BPM below 60

What is tachycardia

BPM above 100

What happens within the first 0.1 seconds of the cardiac cycle

atrial contraction

What happens in the net 0.3 seconds of cardiac cycle

atrial relaxation and ventricle contraction

What is the quiescent period

last 0.4 seconds of the cardiac cycle where the whole heart relaxes

What are the phases of the cardiac cycle

1. Ventricular filling + atrial contraction 2. isovolumetric contraction 3. Ventricular ejection 4. isovolumetric relaxation

What is ventricular filling (+atrial contraction) and describe it (ventricle, atria, and status of valves)

first step of the cardiac cycle; Atrial pressure higher than ventricular pressure, blood flows passively into atria. Ventricles- relaxed, Atria-relaxed AV valves- open SL valves- closed. During the atrial contraction the ventricles are relaxed and the atria are contracted

What is isovolumetric contraction and describe it (ventricle, atria, and status of valves)

ventricle contraction starts, ventricular pressure increases. Ventricles- contracted atria-relaxed AV and SL valves- closed

What is ventricular ejection and describe it (ventricle, atria, and status of valves)

ventricular pressure rises, when pressure in ventricles is higher than than pressure in great vessels, SL valves open and blood is ejected. Ventricles- contracted atria- relaxed, Av valves- closed SL valves-open

What is isovolumetric relaxation and describe it (ventricle, atria, and status of valves)

ventricles relax, decreasing the pressure, causing SL valves to close, this pressure fluctuation causes the dicrotic notch which is when the aortic valves snap shut. Ventricles- relaxed atria-relaxed AV and SL valves- closed

What is the dicrotic notch

when the aortic SL valves snap shut because of change in ventricles during isovolumetric relaxation

What is lub

blood hitting closed AV valves, S1, AV valves closing at beginning of ventricular systole

What is dub

blood hitting closed SL valves, S2, SL valves closing at the end of systole

What is a murmur

abnormal heart sounds, indicates valve problems

What is regurgitation, what is it indicated by

blood backflows into heart chamber, swishing sound due to back flow

What indicates as stenosed valve

high pitched screeching

What closes first, mitral or tricuspid valve

mitral valve

Where is the superficial temporal artery located

anterior to ear, temple/temporal region

Where is the facial artery located

auricular/mastoid region

Where is the common carotid artery located

side of the neck, cervical region

Where is the brachial artery located

antecubital/brachial region

Where is the radial artery located

carpal region

Where is the femoral artery located

groin, inguinal/pelvic region

Where is the popliteal artery located

popliteal region, back of the knee

Where is the posterior tibial artery located

above medial malleolus, tarsal region

Where is the located

dorsum of the foot

What is a pulse

alternating surges of pressure (expansion and recoil) that happen when contracting and relaxing of left ventricle

What is apical pulse

counting of the heart beat, might be faster than radial.

Pulse deficit

difference between apical and radial pulse

What does a large pulse deficit mean

impaired heart, low CO, abnormal heart rhythm

Systolic pressure

pressure in arteries during peak ventricular contraction

Diastolic pressure

pressure during ventricular relaxation

What are sounds of korotkoff

after blood flow has been cut off, indicates blood flow resuming

Mean arterial pressure equation

diastolic + (pulse pressure/3)

Where to listen for aortic valve sounds

2nd intercostal space right sternal margin

Where to listen for Pulmonary valve

2nd intercostal left sternal margin

Where to listen for Mitral valve

apex of the heart, middle of clavicle

Where to listen for the tricuspid valve

right sternal margin of 5th intercostal pace. Over sternum or over left sterile margin in 5th intercostal space

HR= 60sec/heart beat duration

CO equation

Stroke volume x Heart rate

Blood pressure equation

Cardiac output x total peripheral resistance

Total peripheral resistance

amount of force exerted on blood by vessels

Pulse pressure equation

Systolic- diastolic

What are the four processes of respiration

1. pulmonary ventilation 2.external respiration 3. Transport (of respiratory gases) 4. Internal respiration

What is pulmonary ventilation

movement of air in and out of lungs, this is is breathing

What is External respiration

gas exchange between blood and alveoli

What is transport

transporting gases from the lungs to the tissues using blood

What is internal respiration

exchange of gases between systemic blood and tissue

What is the upper respiratory system

external nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, paranasal sinuses

External nose description and function

the nose, entrance, warms and moistens air

Nasal cavity description and function

lined with respiratory mucosa, floor made of soft and hard palates. Filters, warms moistens air, resonance chamber

What is respiratory mucosae made of

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

What are the structures of the nasal cavity

nasal vestibule, nasal septum, 3 nasal conchae (superior, middle, inferior), and posterior nasal apertures

Nasal vestibule description and function

anterior part of nasal cavity, has sebaceous sweat glands and hair follicles. Filters coarse particles

Nasal septum description and function

formed by vomer, divides nasal cavity in half

3 nasal conchae description and function

posterior openings of nasal cavity, increase surface area of mucosae, enhances turbulence, helps trap large particles

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx

oro-, naso-, and laryngo- pharynx

Nasopharynx description and function

superior part of pharynx, posterior to nasal cavity. Line with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. Pharyngeal tonsil and openings pharyngotympanic tubes located here; provides passage from nasal cavity, tonsils protect against pathogens

Where are Pharyngeal tonsil and openings pharyngotympanic tubes located

nasopharynx

What type of tissue lines the nasopharynx

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Oropharynx description and function

posterior to oral cavity, lined with stratified squamous epithelium, lateral walls have palatine tonsils, inguinal tonsils in anterior. Passage for air and swallowed food, protect against pathogens, helps with speech

Laryngopharynx

extends from epiglottis to larynx, lined with stratified squamous epithelium. Divides into respiratory and digestive portions. Passage for air and swallowed food

What type of tissue lines laryngopharynx

stratified squamous epithelium lines this structure

Where are palatine and inguinal tonsils located, respective

lateral walls or oropharynx, anterior of oropharynx

What type of tissue lines oropharynx

stratified squamous epithelium

Pharyngotympanic tube description and function

tubes that open into lateral nasopharynx walls, connect naso to middle ear. Helps middle ear pressure equalize with atmospheric pressure

Paranasal sinuses

surround nasal cavity, 4 of them, lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Resonance chamber for speech, warms and moistens air

What type of tissue lines paranasal sinuses

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What are structures of the lower respiratory system

larynx (voice box), trachea (windpipe), right and left primary bronchi.

Is the right primary bronchi different from the left primary bronchi

yes, it is wider, shorter, and more vertical, foreign objects easily get stuck here

What type of tissue lines the trachea

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What do the cilia in the trachea do

propel mucus that has dust and other debris toward the throat

How are the walls of the trachea reinforced

C-shaped cartilage

What is the function of the cartilage in the trachea

incomplete parts let esophagus to expand anteriorly when food is swallowed, solid parts reinforce walls to maintain open passageway

Larynx description and function

tube connection laryngopharynx and trachea, 9 cartilages. The epithelium lining that is superior to vocal folds is stratified squamous, the epithelium inferior to vocal folds is pseudostratified ciliated columnar. Function is air passage, preventing food from airway, voice production

What is epithelium that is superior to vocal folds?

stratified squamous

What is epithelium that is inferior to vocal folds

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Thyroid cartilage description and function

made of hyaline, large, laryngeal prominence is adams apple. Framework for larynx

What is “adam’s apple” and where is it located

laryngeal prominence, thyroid cartilage of the larynx

Circoid cartilage description and function” single ring of hyaline, inferior to thyroid cartilage superior to trachea. Attaches larynx to trachea via circotracheal ligament

How is the larynx attached to the circoid cartilage

circotracheal ligament

What are the structures of the larynx

thyroid cartilage, circoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, cuneiform cartilage, epiglottis, vocal folds, vestibular folds, glottis

What are “true” vocal cords

vocal folds

What are “false” vocal cords

vestibular folds

Arytenoid cartilage description and function

paired pyramid shaped hyaline, anchors vocal folds

Corniculate cartilage description and function

paired horn shaped hyaline cartilages on top of arytenoid, forms part of posterior wall of larynx

Cuneiform cartilage description and function

wedge-shaped hyaline cartilages, forms lateral aspect of laryngeal wall

Epiglottis description and function

elastic cartilage, forms lid over larynx

What are the cartilages of the larynx

thyroid, cricoid, arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

Vocal folds description and function

elastic fiber folds covered with mucous membrane, attached to arytenoid. Vibrates with expired air to produce sound

Vestibular folds description and function

superior to vocal folds, similar to vocal folds, mucosal. Protect vocal folds and help close glottis

Glottis description and function

passageway between vocal folds, helps with valsalva maneuver

What is the bronchial tree

continuous branching of respiratory pathways

Do small bronchi have smooth muscle and cartilage?

no, as bronchi get smaller, they have less and less smooth muscle and cartilage

What are alveolar ducts

subdivisions of respiratory bronchioles, terminate in alveoli

What are alveoli composed of

single layer of squamous epithelium over basal lamina

What covers external surface of alveoli

pulmonary capillaries and fused basement membrane