Lecture 0.5 Introduction to nervous system

May or may not need to know

What is the terminology for the primary vesicle of the forebrain?

Prosencephalon

What is the terminology for the primary vesicle of the midbrain?

Mesencephalon

What is the terminology for the primary vesicle of the hindbrain?

Rhombencephalon

What is the 3 primary vesicles?

Prosencephalon / mesencephalon / rhombencephalon

What does the prosencephalon differentiate into?

Telencephalon / diencephalon

What does the mesencephalon differentiate into?

Mesencephalon

What does the rhombencephalon differentiate into?

Metencephalon / myelencephalon

What does the secondary vesicle: telencephalon later become?

Cortex

What does the secondary vesicle: diencephalon later become?

Thalamus, hypothalamus,

What does the secondary vesicle: mesencephalon later become?

Midbrain

What does the secondary vesicle: metencephalon later become?

Pons, cerebellum

What does the secondary vesicle: myelencephalon later become?

Medulla oblongata

What are the 3 layers that embryos develop from? (state)

Endoderm / mesoderm / ectoderm

Where did the vertebrate brain appear?

Small central collection of neuronal control circuits (primitive brain) in lancelets (amphioxus)

What do all higher vertebrates brain compose of?

Midbrain / cortex / cerebellum / medulla oblongata and pons

How many layers are in non-mammal neocortex?

1-3

How many layers are in mammal neocortex?

6

How is the neural tube formed in embryo development of the nervous system?

Neural plate (ectoderm) folds

What does the neural crest develop into?

Peripheral nervous system

What does the CNS develop from? (embryonic development)

Walls of neural tube

Epidermis

Neural crest

Neural tube

Somite

Notochord

What is CSF?

Cerebrospinal fluid

What produces CSF?

Choroid plexus

What is the importance / function of CSF?

Cushions & supports brain / remove waste / delivers nutrients

What is the ventricle part of the brain?

Hollow part, bathed in CSF

Lateral ventricles

Interventricular foramen

Third ventricle

Cerebral aqueduct

Fourth ventricle

Central canal

What does the brain stem contain?

Midbrain (mesencephalon), pons and medulla

What is the function of the midbrain??

Important in dopaminergic transmission / circuit involved in movement control and reward

What is the function of pons?

Swells out from underside of brain / relay between cortex and cerebellum / involves in sleep, hearing and respiration

What is the function of the medulla?

Control of blood pressure and respiration

What does brainstem damage lead to?

Herniation

What is ‘coning’?

Brainstem pushed through foramen magnum. leads to respiratory arrest

What hormones are involved with the hypothalamus?

Cortisol / reproductive hormones

What is the largest part of a mammalian brain by mass?

Cerebral cortex

How is the cerebral cortex divided?

Into 2 hemispheres along sagittal fissure

What does the cerebral cortex control?

Voluntary actions / cognition / perception / awareness

What is the development of cortical layers in relation to?

Intelligence

What is cortical folding for?

Retaining large amounts of neurons without increasing head size

Blue boxes

Frontal lobe

Red boxes

Parietal lobe

Green boxes

Occipital lobe

Yellow box

Temporal lobe

Purple box

Primary motor cortex