Cells

Plasma Membrane

Surrounds cell, selectively permeable. Consists of phospholipid bilayer, proteins and cholesterol

Nucleus

Contain DNA

Mitochondria

Produces cellular energy ATP

Ribosomes

Creates proteins

Proteins

Involved In:

• structure

• enzymes

• transport

• signaling

• tissue repair

• immune response

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Process/modifies, has ribosomes attached

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Lipid synthesis, detoxification

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies, sorts and packages materials

Lysosomes

Breaks down material within the cell.

Contains enzymes that break down and digest unneeded cellular components and foreign material.

Intracellular Fluid

Fluid interior of the cell

Extracellular Fluid

Fluid environment outside membrane enclosure

Interstitial Fluid

Extracellular fluid not contained within blood vessels

Integral Protein

Embedded in membrane

Channel Protein

Integral Protein that selectively allows particular materials to pass in/out the cell

Receptor

Recognition Protein, binds specific molecules outside cell, the binding induces a chemical reaction in the cell

Ligand

Molecule that binds to and activates receptor

Glycoprotein

Protein with carbohydrate molecules that extend into the extracellular matrix

Glycocalyx

Fuzzy-appearing coat around the cell formed from glycoproteins and carbs attached to cell membrane

Peripheral Protein

On the inner or outer surface of lipid bilayer but can be on internal/external surface of an integral protein

Isotonic

Two solutions with same concentration of solutions

Hypertonic

Higher concentration than another solution

Hypotonic

Lower concentration than another solution

Osmosis

Water crossing a semi-permeable barrier.

Occurs when there is an imbalance of solutes outside a cell versus inside.

Sodium-Potassium Pump

Transports sodium out of a cell while moving potassium in

Symporter

Secondary active transporters that move two substances in the same direction

Antiporter

Secondary active transporters that move two substances into opposite directions

Endocytosis

Cell bringing material in by enveloping it and pinching it off

Exocytosis

Involves same process as endocytosis, but it pushes material out of the cell

Phagocytosis

Endocytosis for larger particles

Pinocytosis

Brings fluid containing dissolved substances through membrane vesicles

Endomembrane System

3 major organelles working together:

• ER

• Golgi

• Vesicles

Glycosylation

Process of sugar being added to proteins and lipids

Autophagy

Cell digests its own structures

Autolysis

Controlled cell death by lysosomes releasing digestive enzymes into cytoplasm.

Peroxisomes

Contains enzymes, does lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Highly reactive products of many normal cellular processes

Unstable, oxygen-containing molecules that easily react with other cellular structures, playing a dual role in normal cell signaling, and destructive oxidative stress

Microtubule

Made of tubulin; maintains cell shape & structure, helps resist cell compression, helps position organelles. Found in cytoskeleton

Cilia

Hairs that beat constantly, moves debris through airway from lungs to mouth, also in female ovaries to push the egg.

Flagellum

Specialized in cell locomotion. Only found in sperm.

Centriole

Origin point for microtubule extension in DNA separation

Microfilament

Actin fibers, that are thin and responsible for muscle contraction

Intermediate filament

Size between microfilament and microtubules, made of keratin, that help maintain cell shape & structure. Resists tension and holds cells together.

Nucleus Envelope

Consists of two lipid bilayers, separates nucleus from cytoplasm

Nucleus Pores

Allows controlled movement to substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm

Nuclelous

Produces components to make ribosomes

Four Bases of DNA

A - Adenine

T - Thymine

C - Cytosine

G - Guanine

DNA Bases Pairs

A — T

C — G

Chromatin

Uncondensed form of chromosomes, how chromosomes spend most of their time.

Nucleosome

DNA wrapped around histones, basic structural and repeating unit of chromatin

Helicase

Specialized enzyme that separates and unwinds DNA strands into two separate strands

DNA polymerase

Builds new DNA strands

Proteome

The entire set of proteins expressed by a genome, cell, tissue, or organism at a specific time and under defined conditions

Gene

Functional segment of DNA that provides necessary genetic information to build a protein.

Gene Expression

Transforms the information coded in a gene to a final gene product dictating structure and function.

Triplet

3 DNA bases coded for a specific amino acid

mRNA - messenger RNA

Single-stranded molecule that carries genetic instructions from a cell's DNA to its protein-making machinery

Transcription

Synthesis of mRNA strand to complement to the gene of interest.

Codon

3-base sequence of mRNA, directly encodes amino acids

Stage 1 of Transcription

Initiation: A promoter (set of nucleotides) at beginning of gene triggers the start.

RNA Polymerase

Enzyme that adds new nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA

Splicing

Process that removes non-coding region from pre-mRNA transcripts.

Spliceosome

Structure made of proteins and molecules, attaches to mRNA to splice out non-coding regions.

Intron

Spliced section of mRNA

Exon

Segments of RNA that remains after splicing, these move together after splicing

Translation

Process of synthesizing a chain of amino acids into polypeptides

Ribosomal RNA - rRNA

Composes structure of a ribosomes, includes proteins.

Transfer RNA - tRNA

RNA that ferries the appropriate corresponding amino acids to the ribosome

Anticodon

three nucleotide bases on a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule that binds to a complementary codon on a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule during protein synthesis

Polyribosome

String of ribosomes translating a single mRNA strand

Somatic Cells

Body cell, not including sex cells

Homologous

Pair of chromosomes that are two copies of a single chromosome found in each somatic cell.

Diploid

Organism with 23 pairs of chromosomes.

XX

Female, 23 pairs of chromosomes

XY

Male, 22 pairs of chromosomes, 1 pair of sex chromosomes

The Cell Cycle

Interphase (G1, S, G2 — M) G0(no growth or division phase)

Mitotic Phase

Prophase — Metaphase — Anaphase — Telophase — Cytokinesis

Totipotent

Embryonic - potential for stem cells to differentiate into any cell type to enable growth

Pluripotent

Potential for stem cells to differentiate into any human tissue, not for support of developing an organism

Unipotent

Only reproduces to create a specific type of cells

Oligopotent

Can reproduce into a few different cell types

Stage 3 of Transcription

Termination: Terminator sequence of nucleotides cause the new RINA to fold up on itself.

Stage 2 of Transcription

Elongation: Transcription starts, RNA polymerase unwinds DNA segment, a coding strand becomes the template.

Histone

Type of basic protein found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that provides structural support and organization for DNA.