biomolecular exam 2

Amino acids

proteins, Peptide bonds

Nucleotides

Nucleic acids phosphodiester bond

Monosaccharaides

glycosidic bond carbs

fatty acids

lipids ester bonds

epimer

diastereomer at only one chiral center

anomers

only differ at the new chiral center formed when a sugar closes into a ring

acid vs base

acid donate h and base accepts h

pKa

tells how stron an acid holds proton lower pka = stronger acid when ph = pka 5050 protonated vs deprotonatedz

zwitterion

carries botha + and - chanrge and ios over neutralexer

exergonic vs endergonic

releases free energy deltaG<0 spontanteous

needs energy deltaG>0 not spontaneouse

entropy

disorder freedom of molecule ie resonance and stuff

redox

oxidation redox moving electronsme

metabolism

all chemical reactions in a cell

catabolism= breaking, oxidative, releases energy

Anabolism = building, reductive, requires energy

what is the citric acid cycle with metabolism

it is amphibolic so both and it is the central metabolic pathway

redox

oxidation is loss of electrons and reducction is gain of electrons

oxidizing and reducing reactions

what does deltaG<0 mean

it is exergonic

what does deltaG>0 mean

endergenic

what is coupling

when the cell makes an endergonic reactiopn happen by linking it to an exergonic one so the overall deltaG is negative

do enzymes help with endergonic reactions

no they only help with physical/kinetic barriers

what is reaction rate based on

activation energy

does a spontaneous reaction mean that its fast

no

is making atp endergonic or exer

endergonic and adp is exergonic

what gives more enrgy carbs or fats

fats because the carbons are ina higly reduced form

what is activation in metabolism

coverting a metabolite into a more reactive form so a later step can proceed

ATP

immediate energy currency transfers its terminal phosphate through phosphorylation

NAD+/NADH

carries electrons such as hydride from catabolism to the ETC

FAD/FADH2

same as nad but tighet bound

NADPH

the electron donor for biosynthesis ( fatty acids) and antioxidant defense, made by the pentose phospjate pathway

coenzyme a

carries acyl groups as thioesters acetyl coa

GTP/UTP

like ATP for specific jobs

Carbohydrates

CHO, CnH2nOn and n= 3-8,

naming carbohydrates

fischer projection

flattened sugar shows most oxidized carbon (aldehyde/ketone) at top

D = right and L = left

Hemiketal

ring product of ketone oh on c5 attacks c2 ketone

hemicatial

oh on c5 attacks c1 aldehyde aldehyde ring product

alpha anomeric

trans to terminal

beta anomeric

cis to terminal

What are the 8 monosaccharides cells need

D-glucose, D-galactose, D-mannose, D-xylose, L-fucose (6-deoxy-L-galactose), N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), N-acetylneuraminic (sialic) acid (Neu5Ac/NANA)