CompTIA ALL UNITS Core 1

Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) and Lithium-Ion Polymer (LiPo)

- The different types of batteries in laptops

- No "memory effect"

- Charging the battery does not diminish capacity

True

True or False: Laptop battery types and styles can vary

Laptop Keyboard

- Most-used component of the laptop

- Has a few screws and a single ribbon cable

Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module (SO-DIMM)

- Memory used in laptops and mobile devices

- Sometimes soldered to the system board of the laptop

Magnetic Disk

- The traditional spinning drive platter

- 2.5 inch form factors (3.5 inch for desktops).

SSD (Solid-state drive)

- All memory, no moving parts

- Silent, fast access time, less latency

- 2.5 inch form factors

M.2 Drive

- Smaller form factor

- No SATA data or power cables

- Easy to install and replace

False

True or False: Replacing laptop storages are not very modular

Imaging Software

Best way to migrate from one drive to another

802.11 Wireless

- Uses local area network (LAN)

- High speed

- Internet access

Bluetooth

- Uses personal area network (PAN)

- Short range

- Connects peripherals and other nearby devices

Mini PCI and Mini PCI Express

- Adds functionality to laptops and other compact devices.

- Enables features like wireless networking, cellular connectivity, and storage upgrades

True

True or False: The laptop Wi-Fi antennas are labeled "Main" and "Aux" and wrap around the laptop screen

Biometrics

- Fingerprint reader or face recognition on a laptop for example.

- Requires additional configuration in the OS

- Relatively secure

Near-field communication (NFC)

- Short-distance networking

- Common on mobile phones and smart watches

- Used for authentication without typing a password

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

- High-speed wired communication

- Used for charging and data transfers

Micro-B Plug

What USB is this?

Mini-B Plug

What USB is this?

Type A Plug

What USB is this?

USB-C

- A 24-pin double-sided USB connector

- USB port used on latest devices.

- Can transmit other signals

Lightning Connector

Apple's proprietary connector for devices.

Hotspot

- Your own personal wireless router

- Extends cellular data network to all of your devices

Stylus

An advanced writing tool that connects directly to a device like a tablet

Tip-ring-ring-sleeve (TRRS)

A barrel connector commonly for headphones

Docking Station

A device that receives a laptop computer and provides additional secondary storage and easy connection to peripheral devices.

Port Replicator

An external device that provides connections to peripheral devices through ports built into the device

Trackpad

An area on the laptop allowing you to move your finger around to move the mouse

Drawing Pad

Can be used with a stylus for very precise input such as drawing

Cellular Networks

Provides voice and data communication through mobile devices

Long Term Evolution (LTE)

- A "4G" technology

- Based on GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) and EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution).

- Standard supports download rates for 150 Mbits/s

LTE Advanced (LTE-A)

- Standard supports download rates of 300 Mbit/s

Wi-Fi

- Connects to a local 802.11 network

- Requires a local access point

- May also support voice communication

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

- A unique identifier for cellular devices

- Contains information

- Often a tiny physical card for the carrier and user

Global Positioning System (GPS)

- Created by the U.S. Department of Defense for precise navigation

- Determines location based on timing differences

- Maps and directions

3G, 4G, LTE, LTE Advanced, and 5G

The 5 main cellular network types

Mobile Device Management (MDM)

- Manage company-owned and user-owned mobile devices

- Set policies on apps, data, camera, etc

- Manage access control

Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)

- When the employee owns the phone

- Difficult to secure

Corporate Owned, Personally Enabled (COPE)

- When the company buys the device

- Used as both a corporate and personal device

- Organization keeps full control of the device

- Information is protected using corporate policies

Choose Your Own Device (CYOD)

- The user's choice of device

Frequencies, Channels, and Bandwidths

The 3 factors make up 802.11 technologies?

2.4 GHz range and uses Unlicensed (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) band

The frequency and band Bluetooth uses

802.11ac

What is Wi-Fi 5?

802.11ax

What is Wi-Fi 6 and Wi-Fi 6E?

802.11be

What is Wi-Fi 7?

Frequencies

2.4 GHz, 5GHz, and 6GHz are examples of?

Channels

Groups of frequencies numbered by the IEEE

Bandwidth

Amount of frequency in use

RFID (Radio-frequency identification)

- Access badges

- Pet/Animal identification

- Anything that needs to be tracked

- Uses radar technology

NFC (Near field communication)

- Two-way wireless communication

- Payment systems

- Bootstrap for other wireless

- Access token, identity "card"

DNS (Domain Name System)

- Translates human-readable names into computer-readable IP addresses

- Hierarchical

- Referred to as a distributed database

RR (Resource Records)

- The database records of domain name services

- Very important and critical configurations

Address Records (A) (AAAA)

- Defines the IP address of a host

- Records for IPv4 and IPv6 addresses

CNAME (Canonical Name Records)

- A name is an alias of another canonical name

- One physical server with multiple services

Mail Exchanger Record (MX)

- Determines the host name for the mail server

- This isn't an IP address; it's a name

Text Records (TXT)

- Human-readable text information

- Can be used for verification purposes

- Commonly used for email security

Domain Keys Identified Mail (DKIM)

- Digitally signs a domain's outgoing mail

- Validated by mail servers, not usually seen by the end user

SPF (Sender Policy Framework)

- A list of all servers authorized to send emails for this domain

- Prevents mail spoofing

Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting, and Conformance (DMARC)

- Prevents unauthorized email use (spoofing)

- An extension of SPF and DKIM

- You decide what external email servers should do with emails that validate through SPF or DKIM

DHCP Pool

A grouping of IP addresses with each subnet having its own scope

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Provides automatic address / IP configuration

DHCP Scopes

- Configured on the DHCP server

- The IP address range

Discover, Offer, Request, Acknowledge

What is DORA

Address Reservation

- Table of MAC addresses

- Other names like Static DHCP Assignment or IP Reservation

LANs (Local Area Networks)

A group of devices in the same broadcast domain

Virtual LANs (Virtual Local Area Networks)

A group of devices in the same broadcast domain that are separated logically instead of physically

VPNs (Virtual Private Networks)

Encrypted (private) data traversing a public network

Concentrator

- Encryption/decryption access device

- Often integrated into a firewall

Client-to-site VPN

- On-demand access from a remote device

- Some software can be configured as always-on

Site-to-site VPN

- Always-on

- Firewalls often act as VPN concentrators

Routers

- Routes traffic between IP Subnets

- Often connects diverse network types

Switches

- Bridging done in hardware

- Forwards traffic based on data link address

- Has many ports and features

Unmanaged Switches

- Very few configuration options

- A fixed configuration

- Very little integration with other devices

- Has a low price point

Managed Switches

- Often has VLAN support

- Has traffic prioritization

- Has redundancy support

- Has port mirroring

Access Point

- Not a wireless router

- It's a bridge that extends the wired network onto the wireless network

- Makes forwarding decisions based on MAC address

Patch Panels

- Combination of punch-down blocks and RJ-45 connectors

- Permanently punched down to patch panel

Firewalls

- Filters traffic by port number

- Can encrypt traffic into/out of the network

- Can proxy traffic

- Can be layer 3 devices

Power Over Ethernet (PoE)

- Power provided on an Ethernet cable like phones and cameras

Cable Modem

- Uses a broadband connection

- Referred to as a DOCSIS device (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification)

- Has high speed networking

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) Modem

- Uses Telephone Lines

- Has a faster download speed than the upload speed (Asymmetric)

ONT (Optical Network Terminal)

- Connects the ISP fiber network to the copper network

- The demarcation point (demarc) in the data center

NIC (Network Interface Card)

- The fundamental network device

- Often built-in to the motherboard or added as an expansion card

- Contains the hardware address

IPv4

- A 32 bit address

- The primary protocol for everything we do

- Included in almost all configurations

- OSI Layer 3 address

- Example 192.168.1.131

IPv6

- A 128-bit address

- The backbone of our Internet infrastructure

- A part of all major operating systems

- Example fe80::5d18:652:cffd:8f52

False

True or False: Private IP addresses are Internet-routable

True

True or False: The first 64 bits of an IPv6 address is generally the network prefix (/64)

True

True or False: The last 64 bits of an IPv6 address is the host network address

IP Address

192.168.1.165 is an example of what kind of network

Subnet Mask

255.255.255.0 is an example of what kind of network

Default Gateway

Example: 192.168.1.1 is an example of what kind of network

Static IP Address

- An IP address that doesn't change

- Can manually configure this IP address

- Can be difficult to manage

APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing)

- An IPv4 link-local address

- Uses 169.254.0.0 through 169.254.255.255

- Uses ARP to confirm the address isn't currently in use

Satellite Networking

- Non-terrestrial communication

- High cost relative to terrestrial networking

- Relatively high latency

Fiber

- High speed data communication

- Higher installation cost than copper

- Large installation in the WAN core

DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification)

Data on the "cable" network

DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

- Used for telephone lines

- Download speed is faster than the upload speed

- ~10,000 foot limitation from the central office (CO)

Cellular Networks

- Commonly on mobile devices

- Separate land into "cells"

WISP (Wireless Internet Service Provider)

- Terrestrial internet access using wireless

- Connects rural or remote locations

- Many different deployment technologies

- Speeds can range from ~10 to 1,000 megabits per second

LAN (Local Area Network)

- Ethernet and 802.11 wireless

- A building or group of buildings

- High-speed connectivity

WAN (Wide Area Network)

- Generally connects LANs across a distance

- Point-to-point serial, Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), etc

- Terrestrial and non-terrestrial

PAN (Personal Area Network)

- Bluetooth, IR, NFC

- Your own private network