History 1010 Exam 2 Malczycki

Ancient Nubia

Modern Sudan, Egyptians referred to Kush/Cush, Southern outpost of ancient Egyptian civilization,

Kerma

Small independent state, 2500-1400 BCE, hostile and peaceful relations with Egypt, Succeeded when Egypt was politically weak, eventually wiped out/absorbed by Egypt

Napata

730 BCE invaded Egypt & became 25th dynasty of Egyptian pharaohs, Toppled by Assyrian invasion in 663 BCE, 591 BCE new kingdom in Meroe

Kerma and Kush

Anicent Nubian/Northwest African kingdoms

Yemen

Invaded by Aksum in 520 CE, taken by Persian in 570 CE, causing decline of Aksum

The Mayans

Modern Yucatan, Guatemala, Belize, parts of Mexico, several City-states in Yucatan united in culture and language, agriculturally wealthy, some cities as large as 100,000 people

Mayan Religion

Continuation of Olmec religion, polytheistic, VERY ritualistic, large places of worship, blood sacrifice was important element but blood sacrifice did not always = loss of life

Mayan numerals

Very skilled at math, geometry, and astronomy. Had most accurate calendars in the world until Modern times, developed concept of zero which was a sign of high level math

Mayan writing

Glyphic script, formed basis of later Mesoamerican scripts, written on bark paper and they had books, Most destroyed by Europeans in the 1500's.

Mayan sports

Built stadiums as far back in 1400 BCE, rules unknown, some kind of ball game

Mesoamerica

The region roughly from Central Mexico to northern central America

Cheifdom

Village of

Kingdom

A city-state or territorial state of at least several thousand inhabitants in which a ruler, claiming a divine mandate and supported by a military force, keeps order and provides defense against outside attacks

Polytheism

Personification of the forces of nature and the performance of rituals and sacrifices to ensure the benevolence of the gods and goddesses

Glyphic script

The Maya developed a script of some 800 images. Some are pictograms standing for words, others are syllables to be combined with other syllables to form words.

Oracles

Priests or priestesses consulted in temples to learn of the will of the gods

Hellenistic culture

Refers to Greek culture during the period fromn 323 BCE to 31 BCE

Legionaries

Roman foot soldiers who fought in semi-closed ranks

Nicene Creed

Basic Christian doctrine defining faith as belief in God, the father; Jesus Christ; his son of the same substance; and the Holy Ghost

Modern day Iran and Iraq

Where was Ancient Persia located?

India, Stopped by weather, climate, and fatigue

Where did Alexander the Great take his armies?

Xerxes, Darius, Cyrus

Ancient Persian Shahs

Herodotus

Greek Scholar, traveler and writer, Father of western history, Wrote the book "History", wrote about the Greco-Persian wars of 492-499 BCE

King Leonidas

Who shouted "This is Sparta"

Shah

Persian word for King

Satrap

A provincial governor in the Ancient Persian empire

Satrapy

A province governed by a Satrap

Aryan

What word does Iran come from?

What does Persia mean?

The land of the Parsi-s

Language of Iran

Farsi

Achaemenid Dynasty

First great PERSIAN empire, excellent bureaucracy, religiously tolerant, created first major imperial coinage and cash economy, built roads, created weights and measures, Heirs to the throne trained ad satraps of Babylonia

Cyrus the Great

Took Achaemenid from kingdom to empire, united Medes and Persians, religiously tolerant, Freed jews from Babylonian exile, ideal emperor, Still a major cultural figure, mentioned in the book of Ezra

Cambyses II

Trained as a Satrap of Babylonia, added Egypt to Achaemenid empire, Greeks accused him of Egyptian atrocities but archaeology suggests otherwise

Darius I

Distant relative of Cambyses, won civil war and took throne, Expanded to Indus river valley, Caucasus in North, and Central Asia, Conflict with Greeks because of controlling Black Sea trade, Invaded mainland Greece and defeated at Marathon, Religiously tolerant, Gave money to Egypt to rebuild temples, allowed Jews to rebuild Temple in Jerusalem

Xerxes I

Satrap of Babylonia, Became Shah at 35, Revolts in Egypt and Babylonia early in his reign, Not religiously tolerant, Destroyed statue of Marduk, Favored Zoroastrianism, Invaded Greece, retired to Persepolis after his defeat at Salamis, Assassinated in 465 BCE

Marduk

Chief God of Babylon

Leonidas and 300 Spartas

Who defeated Xerxes I?

Zoroastrianism

Founded by prophet Zoroaster, Monotheistic, Gods name was Ahura Mazda, Avesta is sacred Scripture, Eternal struggle between good and evil is Major theme, Savior and the apocalypse, Influenced other monotheistic middle eastern religions such as Judaism and Christianity

Alexander the Great

Who defeated the achaemenids?

Alexander The Great

From Macedon which Greeks did not consider to be "real Greeks", Built on foundation laid by his father Phillip II of Macedon, Conquered Greece/Anatolia/Syria/Iraq/Iran/Reached India, wanted to create a world culture that borrowed best of all cultures, became a reality with the spread of Hellenism

Hellenism

"Greekism", includes shared language, ideas, art, architecture, includes culture toleration and adaptability,

Examples of Hellenism

Greek was spoken from Spain to India, Temples in Spain look like temples from Bactria even though their gods are different

Seleucid Empire

Proponents of Hellenism, helped spread Greek Culture throughout Persia, Mesopotamia, and Greater Syria, were aggressive in their Hellenism

Parthian Dynasty

Gradually chipped away at Seleucids, controlled Mesopotamia east of the Euphrates, equals of Roman Empire, A great world empire of their age along with Rome and Han China

The Romans and the Parthians...

Fought several wars in the middle east

Etruscans

Much of Latin cultured came from them, Latin alphabet, military formations, and architecture, Latins did not like kings and defeated them

The Roman Republic

Two heads of state elected by Comitia Centuriata which was a military assembly, 300-900 men representing Patricians and Plebians, more democratic than monarchy but government was in the hands of the wealthy.

Patricians

Aristocrats who traced lineage back to the foundation of Rome, dominated the officer corps, economy, and the Roman senate

Plebians

The majority or Rome, some became wealthy and powerful and even married into patrician families

Phoneican Carthage

Dominated the southern coast of the Mediterranean while Rome dominated the north

Punic Wars

Resulted in Roman domination of the western Mediterranean and north Africa

Macedonian Wars

Four wars fought in Macedonia, Macedonia became Roman province in 146 BCE, Major step on the road to empire

Julias Caeser

Roman General who survived Macedonian and Punic wars, ended civil wars, assassinated to preserve the Republic and to prevent a new era of kingship

Octavian

Adopted son of Julius Ceaser, Won civil war in 31 BCE, maintained structures of republican government but kept power in his own hands, democratic principles of the Republic became little more then ideals, first real emperor of Rome, emperor when Jesus was alive

Roman decline

Violent political turmoil, consumed more then it produced, heavily reliant on imports, plagues, cooler climate, no more conquest meant no more easy money, invaded by barbarians

Emperor Constantine

Fought civil wars for control of empire, Gave victory of Milvian Bridge credit to christian god, legalized Christianity, moved capital from Rome to Byzantium later renamed Constantinople, deathbed baptism

Barbarians

Germanic tribes lived beyond limes or frontiers, pushed westward by rise of the Huns under Attila, Romans/Byzantines eventually withdrew from Italy

Barbaric Tribes

Vandals, Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Lombards, Suebi, Franks, Saxons, Huns

Franks

Lived in Roman Province of Gaul which became knwon as Francia or France, King was named Clovis

Justinian

Byzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, Built Hagia Sophia which was the largest church of its time, despotic but effective, Head of Christian church

He was religiously intolerant

Xerxes was different from previous Achaemenids because

Judasim

Monotheistic, Ha-Tanakh is sacred scripture, homeland in Canaan between Mediterranean sea and Jordan River, religion evolved in stages

Ha-tanakh

The old testament or Hebrew bible, mostly hebrew with bits of Aramic, Originally was just an oral tradition until Babylonian Exile resulted in urgency of writing down and recording it

3 major parts of the Ha-tanakh

Torah, Nevi'im, and Ketuvim

The Torah

"The teachings", books of Moses

The Assyrians

Who destroyed the kingdom of Israel

Herod the Great

King of Judaea with Roman support, Murdered babies of Bethlehem, had wife and possibly kids killed, Made Judaea an important part of the Roman empire, turned Judaea into the strongest jewish state until modern Israel.

Jewish Diaspora/Exile

Began with Babylonian exile, Jews lived throughout the Roman and Persian Empires,

The Romans

Who was responsible for the jewish diaspora

Jesus

Born in Roman Palestine, Jewish family; line of David, prophet and miracle worker, upset established order in Palestine, Died in Jerusalem, Believed to have raised from the dead and went to heaven

Christianity in the Roman empire

Slow steady growth in Roman cities, considered a threat to Romans traditional values, Christianity was unpatriotic because christians would not worship emperors or other gods, Christianity was mysterious and held its meetings behind closed doors

The Council of Nicaea

220 bishops, condemned teaching of Arius of Alexandiras, crafted first drafts of the Nicene Creed, established a close relationship between the Roman empire and the church

Council of Constantinople

Covened by Emperor Theodosius, added holy spirit to Nicene Creed, affirmed Trinitarian Christianity which is dominant today,

Council of Chalcedon

500 bishops, condemned nesotrian chistology, further elaborated on the trinity

Nestorian Christianity

Founded by Nestorius, over emphasized Jesus Humanity,

Coptic Christianity

Among oldest churches, most prominent in Mid east, egypt, syria, iraq,

South Asian Countries

Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh. Home to 1/4 of the worlds population, 1.7 billion people, Hinduism and Islam

The Nandas

1st Ganges river kingdom, Founded by Mahapadama Nanda, began in shruda caste and overthrew kshatriyas, fearsome army or infantry, calvary, and chariots

Mahapadma Nanda

Nanda founder and King. Feared by Alexander the Great

Mauryan Dynasty

Founded by Chandragupta Mauryan, replaced the Nandas, united most or northern and southern India, efficient government, regular contact with hellenistic world

Chandragupta Maurya

Founder of the Mauryan Empire, Devoted Jain, emphasized economy, taxation, and security forces

Kautilya (Chanakaya)

Who wrote the Artha-shastra

Ashoka Maurya

The grandson of Chandragupta Maurya, he took the Mauryan Empire to its height. Famously converted to Buddhism after the deadly Kalinga Wars, became a buddhist missionary, "Conquest by Dharma"

The Bactrians

Survivors/Descendants of Alexander the Greats army, founded Hellenistic kingdom in modern afghanistan, replaced void left by Mauryn decline, blended Greek, Indian, and Central Asian cultures

The Kushans

Fought and destroyed the Bactrians, subset of Yuezhi of central Asia, Buddhist supporters but tolerant, considered major empire by the romans

Kanishka

Kushan King

The Guptas

Founded by Chandragupta I, largest unified Indian state, Hinduism supporters but tolerant

Samudragupta

45 year reign, son of Chandragupta, fought his relatives, restored Vedic/Hindu religion, Conquered Ganges river valley, turned defeated kings into Gupta Vassals

Established the first Indian Imperial State

Chandragupta Maurya

Bodhisattvas

These people postpone their own attainment of nirvana to help others and figure prominently in Mauryarn Buddhism

Hinduism

Polytheistic and has its origins in the Indo-Aryan syntheis

Indias population today

1.2 Billion people, 80% Hindus, 14% Muslims, 3% Christians, 83 smaller religious groups

Varna

Hindu word for caste

Jati

In India, a group that defines one's occupation and social position

Karma

(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation

Dharma

In Hindu belief, a person's religious and moral duties

Brahman

A single spiritual power that Hindus believe lives in everything

Samsara

the cycle of life and rebirth in Hinduism

Moksha

The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths.

Vardhamana Mahavira

"Great Hero", Founder of Jainism, OG name is Nigantha Nataputta, born as a Kshatriya, Wandered Naked, Slept little time, ate minimal food, reached Kevala-Jnana, conquered the urges of the body