Society and Institutions

accommodating

willing to help or adjust your plans to make things easier for someone.

prompt

done quickly or without delay.

incompetent

lacking the ability, skill, or knowledge needed to do something properly.

shoddy

badly made or done; poor in quality.

substandard

below the expected or required standard.

impersonal

lacking warmth or a personal connection; not tailored to an individual.

exasperating

extremely annoying or frustrating.

site index

a list or directory of the pages/content available on the website,

in-store

inside a physical shop

backlog

a large amount of work, orders, or tasks that have accumulated because they haven't been dealt with yet.

dispatch

To send something somewhere

query

a question or request for information, especially one made to a person, organization, or search system.

customs declaration

an official form where you declare what you're bringing into or sending out of a country.

allowance

permitted amount of something

landing card

a form passengers fill in when arriving in a country, giving information such as their name, passport details, and purpose of travel.

detect

to discover or notice something, especially something that is difficult to see or identify.

spot checks

checks carried out randomly or without warning.

clear customs

to complete customs procedures successfully so that you and/or your goods can enter or leave a country.

claim asylum

to officially ask a country for protection because you cannot safely return to your own country.

warden

a person responsible for supervising or managing a particular place or group, especially a prison, wildlife reserve, or park.

enforce

to make sure that a law, rule, or agreement is obeyed, usually by using authority or punishment

Phishing

trying to trick people into giving away sensitive information

Infiltrate

to secretly enter a place, organization, or group, usually in order to gather information or influence it.

Persecution

the act of treating someone cruelly or unfairly, especially because of their religion, race, political beliefs, or identity, often repeatedly or systematically.

adherent of

someone who supports or strongly follows a particular belief, idea, religion, or system.

fanatic

a person who is extremely enthusiastic about a belief or cause, often in an unreasonable way.

radical

supporting major, fundamental changes to an existing system or society.

reactionary

strongly opposed to social or political change and wanting to return to an earlier system.

tenet

a principle or belief that is an important part of a system or ideology.

eradicate

to completely destroy or remove something.

proponents

people who publicly support an idea, system, or cause.

derive from

to come or develop from a particular source or origin.

campaigned

worked actively to achieve a political or social goal, often by trying to persuade people.

justify

to give a good or acceptable reason for something.

civil disobedience

deliberately breaking a law as a peaceful form of protest against something considered unjust.

credible

believable or trustworthy.

incredulous

unwilling or unable to believe something because it seems surprising or unlikely.

subjective

based on personal opinions, feelings, or experiences.

objective

based on facts rather than personal opinions or feelings.

plausible

seeming reasonable or likely to be true.

attribute...to

to say that something was caused by or is the result of something else

presume

to assume something is true, especially when you don't have complete proof.

give someone the benefit of the doubt

to believe someone is probably telling the truth or has good intentions when you aren't certain.

integration

combinat

festivities

enjoyable activities

spectacle

performance

festive

jolly

centenary

the 100th anniversary of an event;

flamboyant

very confident, colourful, or extravagant in appearance or behaviour, often deliberately attracting attention.

raucous

very loud, rough, and unpleasant, especially a voice, laugh, or noise.

somber

serious, sad, and lacking brightness or cheerfulness.

atmospheric

creating a particular mood or feeling, especially in a powerful or distinctive way.

commemorate

to remember and show respect for an important person or event, especially through a ceremony or special event.

modality

a way of expressing a particular type of meaning, such as possibility, necessity, certainty, or obligation.

phonology

the study of how sounds are organized and used in a particular language.

phonemes

diphthongs

vowel sounds that involve a smooth movement from one vowel sound to another within the same syllable.

lexicon

the complete set of words and vocabulary of a language, person, subject, or field.

orthography

the system of writing a language, including its spelling and conventions.

morphology

the study of the structure and formation of words, including how words are built from smaller units.

pictograms

pictures or symbols that represent a physical object or action.

ideograms

symbols that represent an idea or concept, rather than a specific physical object.

polysemous

having multiple related meanings.

registers

different styles or levels of language used in different situations, depending on formality, audience, and context.

jargon

specialized words and expressions used by a particular profession, group, or field.

articulate

able to express ideas clearly and effectively in speech or writing. (≠inarticulate)

eloquent

expressing ideas in a particularly clear, powerful, and persuasive way.

succinct

expressed clearly and briefly, without unnecessary words. pithy, concise

mot juste

the exactly right word or expression for a particular situation. 🇫🇷

lost for words

unable to think of anything to say, usually because you are extremely surprised, shocked, upset, or impressed.

put your foot in it 🇬🇧

say or do something embarrassing or inappropriate, especially by accidentally mentioning something you shouldn't have.

obsolete

no longer produced or used; out of date.

archaeologist

باستان‌شناس

dynasty

سلسله

empire

امپراتوری

kingdom

پادشاهی

heir

وارث

successor

جانشین

peasant

رعیت / روستایی

labourer

کارگر

manuscript

نسخهٔ خطی / دست‌نوشته

reign

the period during which a king, queen, or other monarch rules a country. دوران سلطنت

conquest

the act of taking control of a country or territory by force, usually through war. فتح

mast

a tall vertical pole on a ship that supports the sails(بادبان).دکل کشتی

infantry

soldiers who fight on foot. پیاده نظام

cavalry

soldiers who fight on horseback. سواره نظام

chariot

a light, two-wheeled vehicle pulled by horses, used in ancient warfare and racing. ارابه جنگی

galleon

a large sailing ship with 3-4 masts

monarch

a neutral term for a king or queen

warlord

a military leader who controls a region, often without legitimate government authority.

لشممخح

like a galleon in full sail

a metaphor describing something large, impressive, and moving strongly/majestically

a renaissance in interest

a revival or renewed increase of interest in something after interest had declined.

stately

impressive, dignified, and grand, often because of size, appearance, or manner.

dignity

the quality of being worthy of respect

decency

acceptable, respectful, morally appropriate behavior

inadequate

ناکافی

penury

extreme poverty

malnourished

سوتغذیه

breadline

a low level of income and severe poverty, poverty line