Comprehensive Plant Tissues and Protists Study Guide

Fill-in-the-blank practice flashcards covering plant tissues (meristematic, simple, complex, and dermal tissues; transport mechanics) and protistan biology (major supergroups, endosymbiosis, morphological adaptations, life cycles, and human health impacts).

The primary meristem that gives rise to the dermal tissue system is the __________.

protoderm

The primary meristem that gives rise to the ground tissue system is the __________.

ground meristem

The primary meristem that gives rise to the vascular tissue system is the __________.

procambium

The earliest and youngest meristematic tissue from which primary meristems arise is the __________.

promeristem

Meristematic tissue located between mature tissues that facilitates regrowth is known as __________ meristem.

intercalary

Lateral meristems are responsible for secondary growth, which leads to an increase in plant __________.

thickness

Parenchyma cells that contain chloroplasts and are specialized for photosynthesis are termed __________.

chlorenchyma

Collenchyma consists of living elongated cells with unevenly thickened primary walls reinforced by cellulose, hemicellulose, and __________ materials.

pectic

Sclerenchyma cells are dead at maturity, lack intercellular spaces, and provide rigid support due to secondary walls fortified with __________.

lignin

The two main water-conducting cell types in xylem are vessel elements and __________.

tracheids

The dominant physiological model explaining the upward pulling and bulk flow of water in xylem sap is the __________ hypothesis.

cohesion-tension

In root anatomy, the endodermis features a suberin-rich barrier called the __________ that blocks the apoplastic movement of water and minerals into the stele.

Casparian strip

In phloem tissue, the conducting cells that lack a nucleus at maturity but remain living are called __________ elements.

sieve-tube

Phloem translocation moves sugars from a source to a sink according to the __________ hypothesis.

pressure-flow

The periderm consists of three parts: outer cork cells (phellem), inner phelloderm, and the meristematic layer termed the __________.

cork cambium

Large epidermal cells found in monocot leaves that collapse under dry conditions to induce leaf rolling are called __________ cells.

bulliform

In primary endosymbiosis, a eukaryotic host engulfed a photosynthetic __________ that subsequently evolved into a plastid.

cyanobacterium

Mitochondria are hypothesized to have evolved from an engulfed ancestral __________.

alpha proteobacterium

Diplomonads, such as Giardia intestinalis, possess two equal-sized nuclei, multiple flagella, and reduced anaerobic mitochondria known as __________.

mitosomes

Parabasalids such as Trichomonas vaginalis possess an undulating membrane and reduced mitochondria that generate hydrogen gas called __________.

hydrogenosomes

Members of the supergroup Excavata classified under Euglenozoa possess a distinctive spiral or __________ rod inside each flagellum.

crystalline

Kinetoplastids such as Trypanosoma possess a single large mitochondrion that houses an organized mass of DNA known as a __________.

kinetoplast

Members of the clade Alveolata are morphologically defined by membrane-bound sacs beneath the plasma membrane termed __________.

alveoli

The malaria-causing apicomplexan Plasmodium retains a relict non-photosynthetic plastid known as an __________.

apicoplast

Diatoms are unicellular photosynthetic stramenopiles encased in a unique two-part silica wall called a __________.

frustule

The stramenopile oomycete Phytophthora infestans is an economically destructive plant pathogen responsible for causing __________.

potato late blight

The oomycete pathogen Phytophthora ramorum attacks trees and is the causative agent of __________.

sudden oak death

Foraminiferans secrete porous shells called tests hardened with __________.

calcium carbonate

Radiolarians are predominantly marine rhizarians possessing delicate internal skeletons constructed of __________ and reinforced axopodia.

silica

Red algae (Rhodophyta) derive their characteristic reddish color from the accessory photosynthetic pigment __________.

phycoerythrin

Within the green algae, the lineage most closely related to land plants is the __________.

charophytes

The parasitic amoebozoan Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebic dysentery and liver abscesses, spreading primarily in its dormant __________ stage.

cyst

In the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, starvation triggers solitary amoebas to aggregate into a migrating __________.

slug-like mass

Choanoflagellates are colonial or unicellular opisthokonts featuring a flagellum encircled by a food-trapping collar of __________.

microvilli

Photosynthetic aquatic protists are foundational primary producers that carry out approximately __________ of the world's photosynthesis.

$$30\%$$

Evidence of secondary endosymbiosis in certain protists, such as chlorarachniophytes, includes a vestigial eukaryotic nucleus within the plastid termed a __________.

nucleomorph