AP human chapter 7

chapter 7

Agricultural labor force

(1) self-employed farm operators and their family members, and (2) hired workers.

Calorie consumption

The total number of calories in a daily diet allocation.

Core-periphery model

A model of the spatial structure of an economic system in which underdeveloped or declining peripheral areas are defined with respect to their dependence on a dominating developed core region.

Dependency theory

Countries do not exist in isolation but are part of an intertwined world system in which all countries are dependent on each other

Energy consumption

Energy used by a country as an indicator of development - MDCs tend to consume much more energy per capita then LDCs do.

Foreign Direct Investment

The purchase or construction of foreign factories and other fixed assets by transnational corporations; also the purchase of or merging with foreign companies

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specified time period, usually a calendar year

Gross National income (GNI)

The total value of goods and services produced within the borders of a country during a specified time period, usually a calendar year

Human Development Index (HDI)

Is a composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and income indices used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.

Neocolonialism

A disparaging reference to economic and political policies by which major developed countries are seen to retain or extend influence over the economies of less developed countries and peoples

Physical quality of life index

e The quality of life or well-being of a country. The value is the average of three statistics: basic literacy rate, infant mortality, and life expectancy at age one, all equally weighted on a 0 to 100 scale.

Purchasing Power Parity

A monetary measurement which takes account of what money actually buys in each country

Rostow, W.W./"Stages of Growth" Model

American economist who proposed his five stage model of development. 1. Traditional Society 2. Transitional Stage 3. Take off 4. Drive to Maturity 5. High Mass Consumption.

Technology Transfer

The diffusion to or acquisition by one culture or region of the technology possessed by another, usually more developed, society.

World systems theory

Theory originated by Immanuel Wallerstein and illuminated by his three-tier structure, proposing that social change in the developing world in inextricably linked to the economic activities of the developed world.

Acid rain

Rain containing acids that form in the atmosphere when industrial gas emissions (especially sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) combine with water.

Agglomeration

The spatial grouping of people or activities for mutual benefit.

Aluminum Industry

An industry that specializes in the manufacturing and extraction of Aluminum, a chemical element in the boron group with symbol Al and atomic number 13.

Break-of-bulk point

A location where goods are transferred from one type of carrier to another. (e.g. Barge to Railroad)

Canadian industrial heartland

the St. Lawrence Valley - Ontario Peninsula. The region has several assets: centrality to the Canadian market, proximity to the Great Lakes, and access to inexpensive hydroelectric power from Niagara Falls.

Deglomeration

The process of deconcentration; the location of industrial or other activities away from established agglomerations in response to growing costs of congestion, competition, and regulation.

Deindustrialization

Process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustrialized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment.

ecotourism

A form of tourism, based on the enjoyment of scenic areas or natural wonders, that aims to provide an experience of nature or culture in an environmentally sustainable way.

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Export processing zone

An Export Processing Zone (EPZ) is a designated geographical area within a country that is set up to promote and facilitate export-oriented production. EPZs offer various incentives to attract foreign investment, such as tax breaks, streamlined customs procedures, and relaxed labor laws. The goal of EPZs is to boost a country's exports, create jobs, and stimulate economic growth.

Entrepot

is a port, city or trading post where merchandise may be imported, stored and/or traded, typically to be exported again. In the days of wind-powered sailing, such centers had a critical role. In modern times customs areas have largely made such entrepôts obsolete, but the term is still used to refer to duty-free ports with a high volume of re-export trade.

Footloose industry

industries in which locational demands are are minimal which means they can pack up and leave for a new location quickly and easily

Four Tigers (NIC's)

newly industrialized countries, South Korea (largest), Taiwan (moving towards high tech), Singapore (Center for information and technology), Hong Kong(Break of Bulk Point): Because of their booming economies.

Infrastructure

refers to the facilities and structures that allows people to carry out their typical activites

"Just in time" delivery

a system in which the inputs in assembly location when they are needed

Least-cost location

where the transportation costs of raw materials and the final product is at the least.

Maquiladora

Factories built by US companies in Mexico near the US border to take advantage of much lower labor costs in Mexico.

Market Orientation

The tendency of an economic activity to locate close to its market; a reflection of large and variable distribution.

multiplier effect

An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent. (the potential of a job to produce additional jobs)

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement; allows open trade with US, Mexico, and Canada.

Outsourcing

contracting work to noncompany employees or other companies

Postindustrial

economy that emphasizes services and technology rather than industry and manufacturing

Resource Orientation

tendency for an industry or other type of economic activity to locate close to its resources

Special Economic Zones (China)

In 1979, the Chinese government set up these zones on the coast near Macao, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Improved transportation, lower taxes, and other incentives attracted investments from foreign businesses. They helped stimulate innovation and helped China grow economically.

Specialized economic zones

specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment

Substitution principle

In industry, the tendency to substitute one fact or production for another in order to achieve optimum plant location.

Trans (or multi) national corporation

A large business organization operating in at least two separate national economies

Ubiquitous industries

A market-oriented industry whose establishments are distributed in direct proportion to the distribution of population

Weber, Alfred

German economist who developed in 1909 a theory for the location of industries that focused on transportation, labor, and agglomeration as factors of production affecting the optimal (least cost) industrial location.

Weight-gaining activity

outputs are heavier that its transferable input

Weight-losing activity

output is lighter than input