Chapter 8: Social and Emotional Development 7-12

Vocabulary flashcards covering middle childhood social and emotional development, theoretical models, identity, peer relations, and mental health from Chapter 8 lecture notes.

Industry vs. Inferiority

A developmental stage identified in the notes for ages $6\text{--}11$ centered on the challenge of developing competence, with a focus on work and achievement that forms the foundation for adult life.

Industry

A developmental outcome characterized by mastery, pride, and self-confidence.

Inferiority

A developmental outcome characterized by inadequacy, self-doubt, and a negative self-perception.

Self-Concept

An individual's multidimensional, abstract, and evaluative self-understanding based on psychological traits.

Self-Esteem

A self-evaluation comparing ideal versus actual self that is supported by caregiver warmth; it generally increases across middle childhood with a slight dip near adolescence.

Self-Efficacy

A task-specific belief in one's capability within particular domains that builds with past success, promotes effort and willingness to try, and leads to higher overall achievement.

Race

A social construct distinct from ethnicity and culture.

Ethnic Identity

An identity rooted specifically in ancestry.

Cultural Identity

An identity based on an shared way of life.

Display Rules

Norms governing the distinction between emotions felt versus emotions shown, interpreting others' emotions, and adapting expression to varying locations and cultural contexts.

Moral Realism

An early orientation in moral development centered strictly on clear-cut right versus wrong.

Moral Relativism

An orientation in moral development recognizing that there is no single correct answer.

Conventional Morality (Kohlberg)

Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning guided by a desire for social approval.

Postconventional Morality (Kohlberg)

Kohlberg's level of moral reasoning governed by abstract ethical principles.

Popular Peer Status

A peer status designation characterized by positive ($+$) peer regard.

Rejected Peer Status

A peer status designation characterized by negative ($-$) peer regard.

Controversial Peer Status

A peer status designation characterized by receiving both positive and negative ($+/-\text{)}$ nominations from peers.

Neglected Peer Status

A peer status designation characterized by being overlooked or receiving neutral ($\sim\text{)}$ peer nominations.

Physical Aggression

Aggressive behavior involving bodily harm, property damage, and threats, which decreases across middle childhood.

Relational Aggression

Aggressive behavior involving gossip, social exclusion, and friendship manipulation that persists across childhood.

Bullying

Harmful behavior characterized by repetition, an intent to harm, and a power imbalance; reported by $35\%$ of US children.

Asset-Based Teaching

An instructional approach focused on student strengths, valuing cultural knowledge, and prioritizing equity and inclusion.

Internalizing

Psychological difficulties turned inward, characterized by withdrawal, anxiety or depression, and somatic symptoms.

Somatic Illness

A physical illness or physical symptoms that have no clear medical cause.

Externalizing

Behavioral difficulties directed outward, manifested as aggression, rule-breaking, defiance, and impulsiveness.

Autism

A neurodevelopmental condition characterized by social communication differences, difficulty processing emotions, and restricted interests.