Atoms and Their Bonds Arrangement and Components of Atoms Atoms are the basic units of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons

Atom

The basic unit of matter, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.

Proton

A subatomic particle with a positive charge found in the nucleus of an atom.

Neutron

A subatomic particle that is neutral, found in the nucleus of an atom.

Electron

A subatomic particle with a negative charge that orbits the nucleus of an atom.

Valence Shell

The outermost shell of an atom containing the electrons involved in chemical bonding.

Octet Rule

Atoms tend to bond to achieve a full valence shell of 8 electrons.

Ionic Bond

A bond formed when electrons are transferred from one atom to another, resulting in charged ions.

Covalent Bond

A bond formed when atoms share electrons.

Polar Covalent Bond

A bond where electrons are shared unequally due to differences in electronegativity.

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms.

Hydrogen Bond

A weak attraction between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom.

Cohesion

The attraction between water molecules, leading to surface tension.

Adhesion

The property of water molecules to adhere to other substances.

Capillary Action

Water's ability to move against gravity in narrow spaces.

Universal Solvent

Water's capacity to dissolve many substances due to its polarity.

High Heat Capacity

Water can absorb a significant amount of heat without a large temperature change.

Evaporative Cooling

The process of water evaporating and removing heat, helping to regulate temperature.

Density of Ice

Ice is less dense than liquid water, allowing it to float.

pH Scale

A measure of the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic), with 7 as neutral.

Biological Macromolecules

Large molecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, crucial for living organisms.

Carbohydrates

Macromolecules composed of monosaccharides that provide energy and structural support.

Lipids

Macromolecules composed of fatty acids and glycerol, used for energy storage and cell membrane structure.

Proteins

Macromolecules composed of amino acids that perform various functions in living organisms.

Nucleic Acids

Macromolecules composed of nucleotides responsible for storing and transferring genetic information.

Dehydration Synthesis

A process where monomers are joined by removing water to form covalent bonds.

Hydrolysis

The reverse process of dehydration synthesis where water breaks covalent bonds, releasing monomers.