Health and Well-Being | Biological Treatment ERQ PT.2
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763 Terms
Purpose of a placebo group in clinical trials
To demonstrate that a drug causes a significant reduction in symptoms beyond what could be expected from the placebo effect
Why must a drug show improvement beyond the placebo effect
To prove that the improvement in symptoms is caused by the actual medication rather than simply the expectation of receiving treatment
Placebo group
A control group in which participants believe they are receiving medication but actually receive an inactive placebo
Why do clinical trials typically include a placebo group
To determine whether the medication produces greater symptom improvement than the improvement caused by the placebo effect
Waitlist group
A second control group in which participants are enrolled in the study but must wait until it is their turn to receive treatment
What do participants in the waitlist group receive while waiting
They receive no medication and may also receive no placebo
How many experimental conditions are included when a clinical trial uses both a placebo group and a waitlist group
Three experimental conditions
Experimental group
The group of participants who actually receive the medication being tested
Placebo control group
The group of participants who believe they are receiving medication but actually receive a placebo
Waitlist control group
The group of participants who are enrolled in the study but wait for their turn to undergo treatment without receiving medication or placebo
What distinguishes the experimental group from the placebo control group
The experimental group receives the actual medication while the placebo group receives an inactive substance
What distinguishes the placebo control group from the waitlist control group
The placebo group believes it is receiving medication while the waitlist group knows it must wait and receives no medication or placebo
What are the three experimental conditions in a clinical trial
Experimental group placebo control group and waitlist control group
Expected improvement in the waitlist condition
Minimal improvement in symptoms because participants are not receiving medication or placebo
Expected improvement in the placebo condition
A larger improvement than the waitlist condition because participants believe they are receiving treatment
Expected improvement in the experimental condition
The largest improvement in symptoms if the medication is actually effective
What is the expected order of symptom improvement across the three conditions
Waitlist condition has the least improvement placebo condition has more improvement and experimental condition has the greatest improvement
Why might the placebo group show improvement despite not receiving actual medication
Participants may experience improvement because they believe they are receiving treatment
What would it mean if the experimental group showed greater improvement than both control groups
It would provide evidence that the actual medication is effective beyond the placebo effect
What is the main purpose of comparing experimental placebo and waitlist groups
To determine whether symptom improvement results from the actual medication the placebo effect or other factors
What is the main challenge when measuring treatment effectiveness
Determining exactly what qualifies as a meaningful reduction in symptoms
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale
Also called HAM D a standardized measure commonly used in research to assess symptoms of depression
What does HAM D stand for
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale
What is the purpose of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale
To assess the severity of depressive symptoms and measure changes in symptoms during treatment
Who originally developed the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale
Max Hamilton
When was the original Hamilton Depression Rating Scale introduced
1960
How many questions were included in the original Hamilton Depression Rating Scale
17 questions
Who completed the original Hamilton Depression Rating Scale
A clinician or researcher completed the scale during an interview
How was the original HAM D administered
It was completed by a clinician or researcher during an interview with the participant
How did the HAM D function during clinical interviews
It served as a script for a semi structured clinical interview
Semi structured clinical interview
An interview guided by a prepared set of questions while still allowing some flexibility in how the interview is conducted
Why was the HAM D considered a semi structured clinical interview
It provided a structured set of questions that a clinician or researcher used when interviewing participants
What is an example of a symptom category assessed by the HAM D
Feelings of guilt
How is absent guilt scored on the HAM D
0 points
How is self reproach or feeling that one has let others down scored on the HAM D
1 point
How are ideas of guilt or rumination over past errors or sinful deeds scored on the HAM D
2 points
How is believing that an illness is a punishment or experiencing delusions of guilt scored on the HAM D
3 points
How are accusatory or denunciatory voices and threatening visual hallucinations scored on the HAM D
4 points
What does a score of 0 represent for feelings of guilt on the HAM D
Absence of feelings of guilt
What does a score of 1 represent for feelings of guilt on the HAM D
Self reproach or feeling that the individual has let other people down
What does a score of 2 represent for feelings of guilt on the HAM D
Ideas of guilt or repeatedly thinking about past errors or sinful deeds
What does a score of 3 represent for feelings of guilt on the HAM D
Believing that the present illness is a punishment or experiencing delusions of guilt
What does a score of 4 represent for feelings of guilt on the HAM D
Hearing accusatory or denunciatory voices or experiencing threatening visual hallucinations
What is the scoring range for the feelings of guilt item on the HAM D
0 to 4 points
What happens to the HAM D guilt score as symptom severity increases
The score increases from 0 to 4
What are the three commonly used measures of treatment effectiveness
Response rate remission rate and relapse rate
Response rate
The percentage of patients who experience at least a 50 percent decrease in scores on a standardized symptom scale after treatment compared with before treatment
What percentage decrease in symptom scores qualifies as a response
At least a 50 percent decrease
How is response rate measured
By comparing patients scores on a standardized scale before treatment and after treatment
What does a high response rate indicate
A large percentage of patients experienced at least a 50 percent reduction in symptom scores