Muscles

Epicranius

Moves the scalp; elevates the eyebrows

Frontalis (frontal belly)

Elevates the eyebrows and wrinkles the forehead

Occipitalis (occipital belly)

Retracts (pulls posteriorly) the scalp

Orbicularis Oculi

closes the eyelids (blinking, squinting)

Orbicularis Oris

Closes and protrudes the lips

Buccinator

Compresses the cheek against the teeth

Zygomaticus Major

Elevates the corners of the mouth (smiling)

Masseter

Elevates the mandible

Temporalis

Elevates and retracts the mandible

Depressor Labii Inferioris

Depresses the lower lip

Sternocleidomastoid

Both sides: flex the neck; one side: laterally flexes the head to the same side and rotates it to the opposite side

Pectoralis Major

Flexes, adducts, and medially rotates the arm

Pectoralis Minor

Depresses and protracts the scapula

Serratus Anterior

rotracts and upwardly rotates the scapula

Diaphragm

Flattens to increase thoracic volume (inspiration)

Central Tendon (diaphragm)

Central tendon where the diaphragm's fibers converge and pull during contraction

External Intercostals

Elevate the ribs

Internal Intercostals

Depress the ribs

External Oblique

Flexes the trunk, laterally flexes it to the same side, and rotates it to the opposite side; compresses the abdomen

Internal Oblique

Flexes the trunk, laterally flexes it to the same side, and rotates it to the same side; compresses the abdomen

Transversus Abdominis

Compresses the abdomen

Rectus Abdominis

Flexes the trunk (vertebral column) and compresses the abdomen

CT: Linea Alba

Fibrous midline band separating the right and left rectus abdominis; anchors the abdominal muscles

CT: Aponeurosis of External Oblique

Broad tendon sheet transmitting the pull of the external oblique (trunk flexion and rotation) to the linea alba

CT: Tendinous Intersections

Fibrous bands dividing the rectus abdominis into segments; give the muscle strength during trunk flexion

Trapezius

Elevates (upper fibers), retracts (middle fibers), and depresses (lower fibers) the scapula; extends the neck

Latissimus Dorsi

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm

Rhomboid Major

Retracts and downwardly rotates the scapula

Rhomboid Minor

Retracts and downwardly rotates the scapula

Levator Scapulae

Elevates the scapula

Teres Major

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm

Teres Minor

Laterally rotates the arm (Part of rotator cuff)

Infraspinatus

Laterally rotates the arm (Part of rotator cuff)

Supraspinatus

Abducts the arm; initiates abduction (part of rotator cuff)

Subscapularis

Medially rotates the arm (part of rotator cuff

Erector Spinae

Extends the vertebral column; laterally flexes it when one side contracts

Deltoid

Abducts the arm; anterior fibers flex and medially rotate it; posterior fibers extend and laterally rotate it

Triceps Brachii

Extends the forearm at the elbow; long head also extends and adducts the arm

Long, Medial, and Lateral Heads (triceps brachii)

extends the forearm at the elbow; the long head also extends and adducts the arm at the shoulder

Biceps Brachii

Flexes the forearm at the elbow and supinates the forearm; weakly flexes the arm at the shoulder

Long and Short Heads (biceps brachii)

Both flex the forearm at the elbow and supinate the forearm; also weakly flex the arm at the shoulder

Brachialis

Flexes the forearm at the elbow

Brachioradialis

Flexes the forearm at the elbow

Extensor Digitorum

Extends the fingers (digits 2-5) and the wrist

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Extends and adducts the hand at the wrist

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

Extends and abducts the hand at the wrist

Flexor Carpi Radialis

Flexes and abducts the hand at the wrist

Palmaris Longus

Weakly flexes the hand at the wrist

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

Flexes and adducts the hand at the wrist

Sulcus Carpi (= carpal tunnel)

Passageway on the anterior wrist through which the tendons of the forearm flexors (wrist and finger flexion)

CT: Inguinal Ligament

ligament along the lower edge of the external oblique aponeurosis from the anterior superior iliac spine to the pubic tubercle; separates the abdomen from the thigh

Iliopsoas

Flexes the thigh at the hip and flexes the trunk

Psoas Major

Flexes the thigh at the hip and flexes the trunk

Iliacus

Flexes the thigh at the hip

Quadriceps Femoris

Extends the leg at the knee

Rectus Femoris

Extends the leg at the knee and flexes the thigh at the hip

Vastus Lateralis

Extends the leg at the knee

Vastus Medialis

Extends the leg at the knee

Vastus Intermedius

Extends the leg at the knee

Pectineus

Flexes and adducts the thigh at the hip

Gracilis

Adducts the thigh at the hip; flexes and medially rotates the leg at the knee

Sartorius

Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates the thigh at the hip; flexes the leg at the knee

CT: Patellar Ligament

Ligament from the patella to the tibial tuberosity; transmits the quadriceps pull to extend the leg at the knee

Adductor Longus

Adducts, flexes, and medially rotates the thigh at the hip

Adductor Magnus

Adducts the thigh; anterior part flexes the thigh, posterior part extends it

Tensor Fasciae Latae

Flexes and abducts the thigh at the hip; stabilizes the knee via the iliotibial tract

CT: Iliotibial Tract (Band)

Band of fascia along the lateral thigh that transmits the pull of the tensor fasciae latae and gluteus maximus; stabilizes the hip and knee

Gluteus Maximus

xtends and laterally rotates the thigh at the hip

Gluteus Medius

Abducts and medially rotates the thigh at the hip

Gluteus Minimus

abducts and medially rotates the thigh at the hip

Piriformis

Laterally rotates and abducts the thigh at the hip

Hamstrings

Extend the thigh at the hip and flex the leg at the knee

Semitendinosus

Extends the thigh at the hip; flexes and medially rotates the leg at the knee

Semimembranosus

Extends the thigh at the hip; flexes and medially rotates the leg at the knee

Biceps Femoris

Extends the thigh at the hip; flexes and laterally rotates the leg at the knee

Long Head (biceps femoris)

Extends the thigh at the hip and flexes the leg at the knee

Short Head (biceps femoris)

Flexes the leg at the knee

Gastrocnemius

Plantar flexes the foot at the ankle and flexes the leg at the knee

Soleus

Plantar flexes the foot at the ankle

CT: Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon

transmits their pull for plantar flexion of the foot

Tibialis Anterior

Dorsiflexes and inverts the foot

Fibularis Longus

Plantar flexes and everts the foot