end of the renaissance

• "baroque"

• exaggerated, bizarre, abnormal, in bad taste (the word is French

• barroco

misshapen pearl

• Baroque

• 1600-1750 CE

• Renaissance perfection

• form, rules, classical ideal of beauty, versus Baroque extremes, emotion, and drama (Michelangelo's vs. Bernini's David,

• 17th c. golden age of drama

• (from William Shakespeare to Jean Racine) → invention of opera as a dramatic art form.

• affections

• (emotions such as sadness, joy, anger, love, fear, excitement).

• Claudio Monteverdi (1567-1643)

• defies Renaissance rules of counterpoint and employs striking dissonances for a more emotional and dramatic expression of the text in his madrigal Cruda Amarilli.

• prima pratica

• ("first practice, the 16t-c. style of vocal polyphony in which counterpoint rules held precedence over the text)

• seconda pratica

• ("second practice, the modern style in which composers may employ dissonance more freely for purposes of text Expression

• Venice

• Musical traditions in Venice in the late-16th and early-17th c. demonstrate well the transition from the Renaissance to the Baroque.

• 11th-c. Church of St. Mark

• the center of Venetian musical culture.

• Andrea Gabrieli (c. 1532-1585) and his nephew Giovanni Gabrieli

• served as organists at St. Mark

• Church featured a permanent ensemble of instrumentalists,

• including performers of the cornett, sackbut, violin, and bassoon.

• Giovanni Gabrieli:

• Served at St. Mark for three decades as organist, composer, and supervisor of instrumentalists.

• Cori spezzati

• music for divided choirs; works by Gabrieli and others written for two or more choirs and instruments, arranged spatially throughout St. Mark.

• Sonata (Italian for sounded")

• an instrumental genre with different sections (initially a loose genre category that could refer to almost any type of purely instrumental music).

• Gabriell's Sonata pian' e forte

• first piece to designate specitic instruments for each part, and appearance of pian

• pian

Soft

Forte

Loud

Scores during the time

• first instance of dynamic
  markings.

• Scientific Revolution:

• Kepler (planets orbit the sun), Galileo (used telescope to discover sunspots and moons of Jupiter), Sir Isaac Newton (discovered gravity).

• Religious strife

• Thirty Years' War in Germany between Protestants and Catholics (1618-1648).

• Colonialism

• continued expansion and colonizing of the western hemisphere.

• Rise of capitalism

• growth of public concerts, increased demand for printed music, instruments, and music lessons (musicians and composers, however, still mainly reliant on patronage by courts, churches, and cities).