Drafting Practice Questions

Which gland or organ is not strictly classified as an endocrine gland?

pancreas

Which of the following does not influence the responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone?

the temperature of the tissue

Which of the following is not a true statement?

most hormone systems function under a positive feedback system

Down regulation of receptors makes a target cell less responsive to a hormone.

True

Which statement is correct regarding the relationship between the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

the hypothalamus secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones that influence the pituitary gland

Which of the following is an effect of the thyroid hormones?

increases oxygen consumption

Which of the following is a true statement?

insulin increases glycogenesis and lipogenesis

Which of the following is a true statement in reference to melatonin?

1. it is secreted by the pineal gland

2. it is stimulated by sunlight

3. it is a derivative of serotonin

4. it is part of the hypothalamus

1 and 3 are correct

The two major systems that act together to coordinate functions of all body systems are the:

nervous and endocrine systems

Which one of the following hormones is NOT a steroid hormone?

human growth hormone

Which hormone lowers blood glucose level?

insulin

The fight or flight response is initiated by the

hypothalamus

Most water soluble hormones must be attached to a transport protein in order to be circulated.

False

Where is ADH made?

hypothalamus

Ventricular muscle is relaxed

1. during ventricular diastole

2. approximately half of the cardiac cycle

3. during atrial systole

4. all of the above

4. all of the above

Which labeled blood vessel in the figure is an artery carrying deoxygenated blood?

E

Towards the end of ventricular systole when ventricular blood pressure exceeds aortic blood pressure

semilunar valves open

Blood leaving the left ventricle passes through which of the following structures?

Aortic semilunar valve

Which valve below prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle?

Pulmonary semilunar valve

What of the following chambers of the heart contain deoxygenated blood?

Right atrium and right ventricle

Semilunar valves function to prevent blood from flowing back into the

ventricles during ventricular diastole

Which term refers to the period of time during a cardiac cycle when contraction of a chamber occurs and pressure within the chamber rises?

systole

Which labeled structure in the figure acts as the natural pacemaker of the heart?

A

—

A = Sinoatrial (SA) node

B = Atrioventricular node

C = Atrioventricular bundle

D = Right and Left bundle branches

E = Purkinje fibers

Cardiac output is the volume of blood ejected from the _____ ventricle into the _____ each minute.

left or right, aorta or pulmonary trunk

Which of the following selections lists conditions that would lead to increased stroke volume?

increased preload, decreased afterload, increased contractility

The atria receive blood from all of the following except:

1. pulmonary veins

2. superior vena cava

3. coronary sinus

4. inferior vena cava

5. all of these choices supply blood to the atria

5. all of these choices supply blood to the atria

In comparison to a sedentary individual, a well-trained athlete will usually have all the following characteristics EXCEPT

a higher resting cardiac output.

An electrocardiogram can help determine all of the following except:

1. a cause of chest pain if a heart attack has occurred

2. if the heart has enlarged

3. if the conduction pathway is functioning normally

4. all of these choices can be determined during an ECG

4. all of these choices can be determined during an ECG

The first sound heard in a stethoscope during the cardiac cycle is the

closing of the AV valves

Which wave is matched correctly with the heart's activity?

S-T segment - the ventricles are depolarized

What occurs after the QRS phase of the ECG?

the ventricles contract.

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium:

is the outer layer of the heart

Which of the following is the correct pathway of blood starting at the right atrium?

right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta

Which of the following statements is NOT correct?

The walls of the atria are thicker because the atria receive blood under pressure.

Which is not a feature of the capillaries?

connect arterioles to veins

The largest blood reservoir when the body is at rest is found in the

veins

Which is a true statement?

an example of a muscular artery is the brachial artery

Elastic arteries function as

pressure reservoirs.

Identify the structure shown in the diagram

tunica media

The tunica media of an artery is comprised of

1. smooth muscle cells.

2. connective tissue.

3. epithelial cells.

1 and 2

In the metarterioles, smooth muscle tissue helps to regulate

1. the amount of blood flowing into the capillaries.

2. vascular resistance.

3. exchange of substances in the capillary beds.

1 and 2

While you are at rest, the greatest quantity of blood will be found in the

systemic veins and venules.

Which of the following is not a transport mechanism used during capillary exchange?

Phagocytosis

Large proteins and red blood cells can pass

through intercellular clefts in sinusoids.

Which statement is true about capillary exchange?

substances pass through the capillaries via fenestrations

Which layer of the arterial wall is responsible for vasoconstriction?

tunica media

Which statement is true of capillary exchange?

blood hydrostatic pressure is lower at the venous end of a capillary

Which layer of the arterial wall is primarily composed of elastic and collagen fibers?

tunica externa

In resting individuals, which vessels serve as a large blood reservoir from which blood can be quickly diverted to other vessels as needed?

Veins and venules

The alternate route of blood flow to a body part through an anastomosis is called

collateral circulation.

Edema is caused by a decrease in the

blood colloidal osmotic pressure

Which of the following characteristics of blood depends mostly on the ratio of RBCs to plasma volume?

blood viscosity

Which of the labeled layers in the diagram of the arterial wall consists mainly of elastic fibers and smooth muscle fibers?

B

—

A (Tunica interna – Endothelium)

B (Tunica media – Smooth muscle)

C (Tunica externa)

Which of the labeled layers in the diagram of the arterial wall is composed of a simple squamous epithelium, a basement membrane and a layer of elastic tissue?

A

—

A (Tunica interna – Endothelium)

B (Tunica media – Smooth muscle)

C (Tunica externa)

Which structure contains glands which secrete an alkaline mucus that helps neutralize the acidic chyme?

duodenum

Gastrin

1. stimulates secretion of large amounts of gastric juice.

2. strengthens contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter.

3. secretion is stimulated by low pH and inhibited by high pH.

1 and 2 are correct

Cytotoxic T cells may kill infected target cells by

1. inducing apoptosis in the target cell.

2. creating channels in the target cell membrane.

3. releasing antibodies which coat the target cells.

1 and 2 are correct

Which anti-microbial substances reduce viral replication (in uninfected cells)?

Interferons

Which region includes B cells, follicular dendritic cells and macrophages?

C

—

A = Capsule

B = Trabecula

C = Lymphatic nodule

D = Medulla

E = Efferent lymphatic vessels

F = Afferent lymphatic vessel

Which class of cells includes macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells?

Antigen presenting cells

Which type of adaptive immunity will result from mother-to-baby IgA transfer via breast feeding?

naturally acquired passive immunity

Which class of antibodies is mainly found in sweat, tears, breast milk and GI secretions?

IgA

Which of the following is a small hormone that can stimulate or inhibit many normal cell functions?

Cytokine

Which type of adaptive immunity will result from intravenous injection of immunoglobulins?

artificially acquired passive immunity

Which structure in the figure is the main duct for the return of lymph to the blood?

A

—

A (Thoracic duct)

B (Axillary node)

C (Aggregated lymphatic nodule)

D (Iliac node)

E (Inguinal node)

F (Cisterna chyli)

G (Lymphatic vessel)

H (Right lymphatic duct)*

I (Cervical node)

J (Palatine Tonsil)

Which of the following is considered to be a modified respiratory movement?

1. coughing

2. Valsalva maneuver

3. costal breathing

1 and 2 are correct

Surfactant lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid; it is produced by

type II alveolar cells.

Exhalation begins when the

inspiratory muscles relax.

Which of the following tissues lines the oropharynx?

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epitheliu

All of the following cause a increase in lung volume during inspiration, except

relaxation of the diaphragm muscles.

Which structure is located anterior to the esophagus and carries air to the bronchi?

Trachea

Which of the following is the primary gas exchange site?

Alveolus

Which of the below tissues forms the exchange surfaces of the alveolus?

simple squamous epithelium

Exhalation begins when

Inspiratory muscles relax

Which of the following is the sum of the residual and the expiratory reserve volume?

Functional residual capacity

Where is the larynx?

I

—

A – Frontal sinus

B – Olfactory epithelium

C – Nasal conchae

D – External naris 

E – Soft palate

F – Lingual tonsil

G – Vestibular fold

H – Vocal fold

I – Larynx

J – Thyroid cartilage

K – Cricoid cartilage

L – Trachea

M – Esophagus

N – Laryngopharynx 

O – Epiglottis

P – Oropharynx

Q – Fauces

R – Palatine tonsil

S – Uvula

T – Nasopharyx

U – Internal naris

V – Nasal meatuses

Where is the soft palate?

E

—

A – Frontal sinus

B – Olfactory epithelium

C – Nasal conchae

D – External naris 

E – Soft palate

F – Lingual tonsil

G – Vestibular fold

H – Vocal fold

I – Larynx

J – Thyroid cartilage

K – Cricoid cartilage

L – Trachea

M – Esophagus

N – Laryngopharynx 

O – Epiglottis

P – Oropharynx

Q – Fauces

R – Palatine tonsil

S – Uvula

T – Nasopharyx

U – Internal naris

V – Nasal meatuses

Where are the olfactory receptors found?

B

—

A – Frontal sinus

B – Olfactory epithelium

C – Nasal conchae

D – External naris 

E – Soft palate

F – Lingual tonsil

G – Vestibular fold

H – Vocal fold

I – Larynx

J – Thyroid cartilage

K – Cricoid cartilage

L – Trachea

M – Esophagus

N – Laryngopharynx 

O – Epiglottis

P – Oropharynx

Q – Fauces

R – Palatine tonsil

S – Uvula

T – Nasopharyx

U – Internal naris

V – Nasal meatuses

Which letter represents the primary gas exchange structure?

E

—

A – Terminal bronchiole

B – Respiratory bronchiole

C – Alveolar ducts

D – Alveolar sac

E – Alveoli

What is line C pointing to?

Alveolar ducts

—

A – Terminal bronchiole

B – Respiratory bronchiole

C – Alveolar ducts

D – Alveolar sac

E – Alveoli

Where is the terminal bronchiole?

A

—

A – Terminal bronchiole

B – Respiratory bronchiole

C – Alveolar ducts

D – Alveolar sac

E – Alveoli

Which cells are the main sites of gas exchange?

C

—

A (Type II alveolar cell)

B (Respiratory membrane)

C (Type I alveolar cell)

D (Alveolar macrophage)

Which of the indicated structures contains glands which secrete an alkaline mucus that helps neutralize the acidic chyme?

duodenum

—

A - Lower esophageal sphincter

B - Cardia

C - Body

D - Pylorus

E - Pyloric sphincter

F - Pyloric canal

G - Pyloric antrum

H - Greater curvature

I - Fundus

Gastrin

1. stimulates secretion of large amounts of gastric juice.

2. strengthens contraction of the lower esophageal sphincter.

3. secretion is stimulated by low pH and inhibited by high pH

1 and 2 are correct

The enterogastric reflex

is stimulated by the presence of chyme in the duodenum.

Pepsinogen is converted into pepsin due to

low pH

_________ stimulates increased secretion of pancreatic juice that is rich in bicarbonate ions.

Secretin

The highly permeable blood capillaries of the liver are called

hepatic sinusoids.

Lipases can be found in

1. the mouth.

2. the stomach.

3. the small intestines.

4. all of these.

4. all of these.

The major hormones that control digestion are

Gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin.

Which cells secrete hydrochloric acid?

Parietal cells

Which of the following breaks down large peptides into smaller peptides?

1. chymotrypsin.

2. elastase.

3. trypsin.

4. all of these.

4. all of these

Which of the following is NOT a function of the liver?

Protein metabolism

Storage of bilirubin

Storage of vitamins

Phagocytosis

Conversion of carbohydrates

Storage of bilirubin

The liver is_______to the diaphragm and occupies most of the_______hypochondriac region of the_______cavity.

Inferior; right; abdomniopelvic

All of the following are brush border enzymes except

alpha-dextrinase.

lactase.

sucrase.

amylase.

amylase

Which small intestine cells secrete lysozyme?

Paneth cells

Which hormone functions to counteract the effect of gastric acid in the small intestine?

Secretin

Pancreatic juice contains all of the following except

chymotrypsin

carboxypeptidase.

pepsin.

trypsin.

pepsin.

What is line B pointing to?

Fundus

—

A - Lower esophageal sphincter

B - Cardia

C - Body

D - Pylorus

E - Pyloric sphincter

F - Pyloric canal

G - Pyloric antrum

H - Greater curvature

I - Fundus

What is the arrow pointing to?

Gastric pit

—

A (Surface mucous cell – secretes mucus)

B (Mucous neck cell – secretes mucus)

C (Parietal cell – secretes hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor)

D (Chief cell – secretes pepsinogen and gastric lipase)

E (Enteroendocrine cell – secretes the hormone gastrin)

F (Gastric pit)

G (Gastric glands)