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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
The molecule that carries genetic instructions.
Gene
A unit of heredity that carries a specific trait instruction.
Allele
Different versions of a gene (e.g., brown eye allele, blue eye allele).
Chromosome
Thread-like structures in the cell nucleus that carry genes.
Genetic variation
Differences in DNA sequences between individuals.
Genotype
An individual's complete set of genes.
Phenotype
The observable traits of an organism (e.g., eye color, height).
Dominant allele
An allele that masks the effect of a recessive allele when paired together.
Recessive allele
An allele that is only expressed when paired with another recessive allele.
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a particular gene.
Heterozygous
Having two different alleles for a particular gene.
Law of Segregation
Alleles separate during gamete formation (sperm and egg cells).
Law of Independent Assortment
Genes for different traits segregate independently during gamete formation.
Punnett square
A tool used to predict the probability of offspring genotypes in a genetic cross.
Genetic disorder
A condition caused by abnormalities in genes or chromosomes.
Note
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